*^ 


LIBRARY 

OF  THE 

University  of  California. 

e.PTOF  -740 

X^^'  44-^ ft^/-/ 


Class 


-f^ 


RITCHIE'S 
FIRST   STEPS    IN    LATIN 


WORKS  BY  F.  RITCHIE,  M.A. 


FABULiE  FACILES.  A  First  Latin 
Reader.  Edited  by  J.  C.  Kirtland,  Jr. 
Illustrated.  Crown  8vo. 

IMITATIVE  EXERCISES  IN  EASY 
LATIN    PROSE.  12mo. 

FIRST  STEPS  IN  LATIN.  Edited 
by  F.  C.  Staples,  A.B.       Crown  8vo. 

SECOND  STEPS  IN  LATIN. 

Crown  8vo. 

EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  PROSE 
COMPOSITION.  Crown  8vo. 

EASY  CONTINUOUS  LATIN 
PROSE.  Crown  8vo. 


New  York  :   Longmans,  Green,  &  Co. 


RITCHIE'S 

FIRST  STEPS  IN   LATIN 


EDITED   BY 


FREDERICK   C.   STAPLES,    A.  B. 

INSTRUCTOR    IN    LATIN 
THE   FAY   SCHOOL,    SOUTHBOROUGH,    MASS. 


LONGMANS,   GREEN,   AND   CO. 

91  AND  93  FIFTH  AVENUE,  NEW  YORK 

LONDON,  BOMBAY,  AND  CALCUTTA 

1909 


GIFT 


Copyright^  1909, 
By  Longmans,  Green,  and  Co. 


THE    UNIVERSITY    PRESS,    CAMBRIDGE,    U.S.A. 


PREFACE   f/i/^^;^ 

The  present  edition  of  Mr.  Ritchie's  "First  Steps  in 
Latin "  has  for  its  objects  —  first,  the  marking  of  all 
long  vowels;  second,  the  rearrangement  of  the  cases 
in  declension,  following  the  order  adopted  in  nearly  all 
American  text-books  and  grammars ;  and  third,  the  sub- 
stitution of  ^-consonant  for/.  In  cases  where  pupils  have 
been  found  prone  to  give  a  long-vowel  sound  to  a  short 
vowel,  the  short  mark  has  been  written ;  but  for  the  most 
part  short  vowels  are  unmarked. 

Some  slight  changes  have  been  made  in  the  wording  of 
rules  and  explanations,  and  in  the  Appendix  the  Sumjhary 
of  Rules  has  been  rewritten  to  conform  with  these  chajiges. 
No  alteration  has  been  made  in  the  general  plan  of  the 
book.  The  subject  of  pronunciation,  however,  is  of  so 
much  importance  that  it  has  been  incorporated  at  some 
length  in  the  text. 

Such  excellent  results  have  attended  the  use  of  the  book 
in  its  earlier  editions  that  even  these  slight  changes  have 
been  made  with  some  hesitation ;  but  many  requests 
have  been  made  for  an  edition  revised  along  the  lines  indi- 
cated above,  and  these  must  serve  as  my  pretext. 

It  is  hoped  that,  thus  revised,  the  Series,  which  com- 
prises "  First  Steps  in  Latin "  and  its  sequel,  ''  Second 
Steps  in  Latin,"  will  meet  with  a  wide  acceptance  in  this 
country,  for,  supplemented  by  Mr.  Kirtland's  edition  of 
Mr.  Ritchie's  "Fabulae  Faciles,"  they  make  a  thorough 
and  amply  sufficient  preparation  for  the  reading  of  Caesar, 
or  other  second-year  work. 

F.  C.  S. 


219150 


CONTENTS 

Paob 

Preliminary  — 

DefinitioDS • I 

The  Sentence    ..#.... 2 

Latin  Nouns 4 

Adjectives     . 5 

Latin  Verbs 5 

English  Verbs o 8 

Pronunciation        10 

First  Conjugation  :  A- Verbs.     Active  Voice 16 

Nouns  —  First  Declension 24 

Second  Conjugation:  E- Verbs.     Active  Voice 2G 

Nouns  —  Second  Declension 30 

Third  Conjugation :  Consonant  Verbs.     Active  Voice 34 

Adjectives 38 

Fourth  Conjugation :  I- Verbs.     Active  Voice 42 

Table  of  the  Four  Conjugations.     Active  Voice 46 

Nouns  —  Third  Declension 48 

The  Verb  Sum 54 

First  Conjugation :  A-Verbs.     Passive  Voice 56 

Adjectives  of  Third  Declension 62 

Second  Conjugation  :  E- Verbs.    Passive  Voice 66 

Nouns  —  Fourth  Declension 70 

Third  Conjugation :  Consonant  Verbs.    Passive  Voice 72 

Nouns  —  Fifth  Declension 76 

Fourth  Conjugation :  LVerbs.     Passive  Voice 78 

Table  of  the  Four  Conjugations.     Passive  Voice 82 

Comparison  of  Adjectives 84 

Appendix  — 

Nouns  —  First  Declension 91 

Nouns  —  Second  Declension o 91 

Nouns  —  Third  Declension 92 

Nouns  —  Fourth  Declension 93 


viii  CONTENTS 

Appendix  —  Continued  Page 

Nouns  —  Fifth  Declension 93 

Adjectives  of  First  and  Second  Declensions 93 

Adjectives  of  Third  Declension 94 

Numerals 94 

The  Verb  Su?n,  '  I  am '       95 

Verbs  Active  :  Present  Stem  Tenses 96 

Verbs  Active  :  Perfect  Stem  Tenses 97 

Verbs  Passive :  Present  Stem  Tenses 98 

Verbs  Passive :  Supine  Stem  Tenses •    -    •  99 

Summary  of  Rules 1^1 

Vocabulary  — 

Latin-English ^^^ 

English-Latin ^^^ 


FIRST  STEPS  IN  LATIN 

DEFINITIONS 

A   Noun   is   the    Name    of   a   Person    or  Thing;  as, 
'  James/  *  dog/  *  book/  '  London/ 

An  Adjective  is  a  word  which  describes  a  Person  or 
Thing ;  as,  little  dog,  red  book,  many  books. 

A  Verb  is  a  word  which  tells  what  a  Person  or  Thing 
does  or  has  done  to  it ;  as,  '  sleep/  '  strike/  '  to  be  struck.' 

(i.)  Verbs  are  Intransitive  when  the  action  does  not 
pass  beyond  the  doer ;  as,  I  sleep,  the  boy  rims, 
snakes  creep. 

(ii.)  Verbs  are  Transitive  when  the  action  passes 
on  to  another  Person  or  Thing.  The  word 
denoting  this  Person  or  Thing  is  called  the 
Object;  as,  'I  strike  the  table.'  Here  'table' 
is  the  Object  to  the  Verb  '  strike.' 

(iii.)  Verbs  are  Copulative  when  they  join  together  two 
words,  one  of  which  names  a  thing  and  the 
other  describes  it;  as,  *the  water  is  deep.' 
Here  'is'  joins  'water'  and  'deep/  and  is  a 
Copulative  Verb.  The  word  that  describes  is 
called  the  Complement;  thus,  'deep'  describes 
'water/  and  is  the  Complement. 


THE   SENTENCE 


THE    SENTENCE 
Every  Sentence  has  two  parts,  namely  — 

1.  The  Subject,  i.  e,  the  word  denoting  the  Person  or 

Thing  about  which  something  is  said. 

2.  The   Predicatey  i.  e.  the  word  or  words  denoting 

that  which  is  said  about  it. 

Examples  — 


Subject 

Predicate 

(i.)  Birds 
(ii.)  We 
(iii.)  The  man 

fly. 

eat  bread, 
is  old. 

[The  Subject  of  a  Sentence  may  be  found  by  asking  the 
question  Who  ?  or  What  ?  with  the  Verb ;  thus, 
'Birds  fly.'  Who  or  what  fly  ?  Ans,  'Birds.'  The- 
Predicate  may  be  found  by  asking  the  question. 
What  about  the  Subject?  thus,  'The  man  is  old.' 
What  about  the  man  ?  Ans,  He  is  old  —  'is  old ' 
is  the  Predicate.] 

The  Subject  is  always  a  Noun,  or  some  word  or  words 
used  as  Nouns. 

The  Predicate  is  always  a  Verb,  or  at  least  contains  a 
Verb ;  but  as  Verbs  are  of  three  kinds  the  Predicate  has 
three  forms.     (See  examples  given  above.) 

(i.)  When  the  Verb  is  Intransitive,  the  Subject  and 
Verb  together  make  complete  sense,  and  the 
Predicate  need  contain  nothino^  but  the  Verb. 


THE   SENTENCE 


8 


(ii.)  When  the  Verb  is  Transitive,  an  Object  is 
required  to  complete  the  Sentence,  and  the 
Verb  and  Object  together  make  up  the  Predi- 
cate. 

(iii.)  When  the  Verb  is  Copulative,  a  Complement  is 
required  to  complete  the  Sentence,  and  the 
Verb  and  Complement  together  make  up  the 
Predicate. 


ANALYSIS    OF    SIMPLE    SENTENCE 


The  following  method  of  Analysis  will  be  found  useful  — 

The  Subject  is  marked  S. 

The  Predicate  is  marked  either 


or 


(i.)  V.  I.,  i.  e.  Verb  Intransitive ; 

(ii.)  V.  T.  and  0.,  i.  e.  Verb  Transitive  and  Object ; 

(iii.)  V.  C.  and  C,  i.e.  Verb  Copulative  and  Comple- 
ment. 


The  examples  given  above  will  be  analyzed  thus  - 


Subject 

Predicate 

S. 

V.  T. 

(i.)  Birds 

fly 

s. 

V.  T. 

0. 

(ii.)  We 

eat 

bread. 

s. 

V.  c. 

c. 

(iii.)  The  man 

is 

old. 

LATIN  NOUNS 


LATIN  NOUNS 

Inflection.  —  The  form  of  a  Latin  Noun  is  altered  by 
Inflection,  that  is,  by  changing  the  ending  of  the  word ; 
thus,  mensa,  a  table  ;  mensae,  of  a  table. 

Case.  —  In  this  way  six  different  forms  of  the  same 
Noun  are  obtained ;  these  are  called  the  six  Cases  of  the 
Noun.     The  names  of  the  Cases  are  — 

1.  The  Nominative  ;  the  Subject  of  the  sentence  is  in 

the  Nominative. 

2.  The  Genitive  ;  answers  the  question  '  whose  ? ' 

3.  The  Dative;  answers  the  question  'to  or  for  whom? ' 

'to  or  for  what  ?'  —  Case  of  Indirect  Object. 

4.  The  Accusative ;  the  Object  of  a  Transitive  Verb  is 

in  the  Accusative. 

5.  The   Vocative;   used    in    addressing    Persons    or 

Things  ;  as,  '  0  queen/ 

6.  The  Ablative;  answers  the  question  'by,  with,  or 

from  what  ? ' 

Number.  —  Latin  Nouns  have  Two  Numbers,  Singular 
and  Plural,  and  each  Number  has  a  distinct  set  of  Six 

Cases. 

G-ender.  —  There  are  Three  Genders :  Masculine,  Femi- 
nine, and  Neuter. 

Declension.  —  A  Noun  is  said  to  be  '  declined '  when 
its  various  Cases  are  shown  in  order.  There  are  Five 
Declensions  of  Latin  Nouns,  that  is,  there  are  Five 
different   sets  of   Inflections.     The   Declensions  may  be 


adjectivp:s  5 

distinguished    by    the    ending    of    the    Genitive    Case 
Singular^  — 

Declension  1st       2nd       3rd       4th       5th 

Ending  of  Genitive   ae  i  is         us     ei  or  6i 


ADJECTIVES 

Adjectives  are  declined  like  Nouns  as  regards  Number 
and  Case ;  but  besides  this  their  terminations  sometimes 
indicate  the  Gender  of  the  Noun  to  which  the  Adjective 
belongs.  Thus  some  Adjectives  have  in  each  Case  a 
separate  form  for  each  of  the  three  Genders ;  others  have 
in  some  Cases  one  form  for  Masculine  and  Feminine  and 
another  for  Neuter,  and  in  some  Cases  only  one  form  for 
all  three  Genders. 

LATIN  VEEBS2 

Voice.  —  Verbs  have  Two  Voices,  namely  — 

1.  The  Active  Voice,  when  the  person  or  thing 
denoted  by  the  Subject  does  something;  as, 
amo,  I  love. 


1  The  termination  of  the  Genitive  Singular  is  given  as  the  distinguishing 
mark  of  the  Declensions,  this  being  the  method  adopted  in  dictionaries.  The 
terms  Stem  and  Character  are  purposeh'  avoided.  It  is  practically  useless 
(and  to  beginners  very  confusing)  to  be  told  that  domino  is  the  Stem  of  dominus. 
The  plan  of  cutting  off  -rum  or  -um  from  the  Genitive  Plural  in  order  to  find 
the  Character  and  so  determine  the  Declension,  presupposes  that  the  pupil  is 
already  able  to  decline  the  Noun. 

2  On  pages  8  and  9  the  English  Verb  To  teach  is  conjugated  in  Latin  form, 
i.  e.  the  names  of  the  Tenses  are  those  used  in  conjugating  a  Latin  Verb.  It  is 
advisable  that  for  practice  other  Verbs,  and  especially  the  Verbs  love,  advise, 
rule,  hear,  should  be  conjugated  in  the  same  way.  The  Strong  Verb  teach  is 
given  here  in  preference  to  the  Verb  love,  because  it  has  been  found  that  con- 
fusion arises  from  the  similarity  in  sound  of  the  various  parts  of  the  latter  ; 
e.g.  loved  and  love. 


6  LATIN  VERBS 

2.  The  Passive  Voice,  when  the  person  or  thing 
denoted  by  the  Subject  has  something  done  to 
it ;  as,  amor,  /  am  loved, 

[iV.  B,  —  Only  Transitive  Verbs   have  a  complete  Passive 
Voice.] 

Tense.  —  Each  Voice  has  Six  Tenses  — 

Present,  Imperfect,  and  Future  Simple, 

Perfect  and  Aorist,  Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect. 

[There  is  only  one  Form  in  Latin  for  both  Perfect  and 
Aorist  Tenses,  but  in  English  they  are  distinct.  See 
pages  8  and  9.] 

Number.  —  Each  Tense  has  Two  Numbers,  namely  — 

Singular  and  Plural. 

< 
Person. —  Each  Number  has  Three  Persons,  namely  — 

First,  Second,  and  Third. 

The  Tense,  Number,  and  Person  of  Latin  Verbs  are 
indicated  by  various  Endings,  which  are  added  to  the 
Stems.^ 

In  order  to  form  the  Tenses  of  a  Latin  Verb  it  is 
necessary  to  know  three  Stems  — 

1.   The  Present  Stem  — 

From  this   are  formed  the  Present,   Imperfect, 
and  Future  Simple,  both  Active  and  Passive. 


1  Distinction  of  Mood  is  intentionally  omitted  here,  as  beyond  the  scope  of 
the  book. 


LATIN  VERBS  7 

2.  The  Perfect  Stem  — 

From  this  are  formed  the  Perfect  and  Aorist, 
Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Active. 

3.  The  Supine  Stem  — 

From  this  are  formed  the  Perfect  and  Aorist, 
Pluperfect,  and  Future  Perfect  Passive. 

Latin  Verbs  are  divided  into  four  classes,  called  Conju- 
gations, according  to  the  last  letter  of  the  Present  Stem. 

The  First  Conjugation  has  its  Present  Stem  ending  in  A, 
The  Second  Conjugation  has  its  Present  Stem  ending  in^. 
The  Third  Conjugation  has  its  Present  Stem  ending  in 

a  Consonant  or  U. 
The  Fourth  Conjugation  has  its  Present  Stem  ending  in  /. 


For  some  time,  these  Stems  are  given  in  the  lessons. 
Later  they  must  be  obtained  from  the  *  Principal  Parts,' 
given  in  the  general  vocabulary,  where  they  are  indicated 
thus:  — 


esent  Stem 

Perfect  Stem 

Supine  Stem 

vide-o 

vid-i 

visum  (2)      see  above 

mitt-o 

mis-i 

miss-um  (3)    '*        " 

move-o 

mdv-i 

mot-um  (2)      *'        " 

Since  all  the  forms  of  a  Latin  verb  are  '  made '  on  these 
stems,  and  these  are  always  found  in  the  Principal  Parts, 
it  is  necessary  to  commit  the  latter  to  memory  most 
thoroughly. 


ENGLISH   VERBS 

ACTIVE  VOICE 


PKESENT  TENSE 

PEKFECT  TENSE 

Sing.  1.  I  teach. 

2.  Thou  1  teachest. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  teaches. 
Plur.  1.  We  teach. 

2.  Ye  or  you  teach. 

3.  They  teach. 

or, 

Sing.  1.  I  am  teaching. 

2.  Thou  art  teaching. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  is  teaching. 
Plur.  1.  We  are  teaching. 

2.  Ye  or  you  are  teaching. 

3.  They  are  teaching. 

or, 

Sing.  1.  I  do  teach. 

2.  Thou  dost  teach. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  does  teach. 
Plur.  1.  We  do  teach. 

2.  Ye  or  you  do  teach. 

3.  They  do  teach. 

Sing.  1.  I  have  taught. 

2.  Thou  hast  taught. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  has  taught. 
Plur.  1.  We  have  taught. 

2.  Ye  or  you  have  taught. 

3.  They  have  taught. 

AORI^T  TENSE 

Sing.  1.  I  taught. 

2.  Thou  taughtest. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  taught. 
Plur.  1.  We  taught. 

2.  Ye  or  you  taught. 

3.  They  taught. 

or, 

Sing.  1.  I  did  teach. 

2.  Thou  didst  teach. 

3.  He,  she,-xDr  it  did  teach. 
Plur.  1.  We  did  teach. 

2.  Ye  or  you  did  teach. 

3.  They  did  teach. 

IMPEKFECT  TENSE 

PLUPERFECT  TENSE 

Sing.  1 .  I  was  teaching. 

2.  Thou  wast  teaching. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  was  teaching. 
Plur.  1.  We  were  teaching. 

2.  Ye  or  you  were  teaching. 

3.  They  were  teaching. 

Sing.  1.  I  had  taught. 

2.  Thou  hadst  taught. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  had  taught. 
Plur.  1.  We  had  taught. 

2.  Ye  or  you  had  taught. 

3.  They  had  taught. 

PUTUBE  SIMPLE  TENSE 

FUTURE  PERFECT  TENSE 

Sing.  1.  I  shall  or  will  teach. 

2.  Thou  wilt  teach. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  will  teach. 
Plur.  1.  We  shall  or  will  teach. 

2.  Ye  or  you  will  teach. 

3.  They  will  teach. 

Sing.  1.  I  shall  have  taught. 

2.  Thou  wilt  have  taught. 

3.  He  will  have  taught. 
Plur.  1.  We  shall  have  taught. 

2.  Ye  or  you  will  have  taught. 

3.  They  will  have  taught. 

1  See  observation  p.  18. 


ENGLISH   VERBS 
PASSIVE  VOICE 


# 

PRESENT  TENSE 

PERFECT  TENSE 

Sing.  1.  I  am  being  taught. 

2.  Thou  art  being  taught. 

3.  He,  she,   or   it   is   being 

taught. 
Plur.  1.  We  are  being  taught. 

2.  Ye    or    you    are    being 

taught. 

3.  They  are  being  taught. 

or, 
Sing.  1.  I  am  taught. 

2.  Thou  art  taught. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  is  taught. 
Plur.  1.  We  are  taught. 

2.  Ye  or  you  are  taught. 

3.  They  are  taught. 

Sing.  1.  I  have  been  taught. 

2.  Thou  hast  been  taught. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it   has  been 

taught. 
Plur.  1.  We  have  been  taught. 

2.  Ye    or    you    have    been 

taught. 

3.  They  have  beeb  taught. 

AORIST  TENSE 

Sing.  1.  I  was  taught. 

2.  Thou  wast  taught. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  was  taught. 
Plur.  1 .  We  were  taught. 

2.  Ye  or  you  were  taught. 

3.  They  were  taught. 

IMPERFECT  TENSE 

PLUPERFECT  TENSE 

Sing.  1.  I  was  being  taught. 

2.  Thou  wast  being  taught. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it  was  being 

taught. 
Plur.  1.  We  were  being  taught. 

2.  Ye    or    you   were    being 

tauglit. 

3.  They  were  being  taught. 

Sing.  1.  I  had  been  taught. 

2.  Thou  hadst  been  taught. 

3.  He,  she,  or  it   had  been 

taught. 
Plur.  1.  We  had  been  taught. 

2.  Ye    or    you     had     been 

taught. 

3.  They  had  been  taught. 

FUTURE  PERFECT  TENSE 

FUTURE   SIMPLE  TENSE 

Sing.  1.  I  shall  have  been  taught. 

2.  Thou    wilt     have     been 

taught. 

3,  He,  she,  or  it  will  have 

been  taught. 
Plur.  1 .  We  shall  have  been  taught. 

2.  Ye  or  you  will  have  been 

taught. 

3.  They     will     have     been 

taught. 

Sing.  1.  I  shall  be  taught. 

2.  Thou  wilt  be  taught. 

3.  He,   she,    or    it    will    be 

taught. 
Plur.  I.  We  shall  be  taught. 

2.  Ye  or  you  will  be  taught. 

3.  They  will  be  taught. 

10  PRONUNCIATION 


PRONUNCIATION  i 


Correct  pronunciation  of  Latin,  or  indeed  of  any  lan- 
guage, requires  that  each  letter  or  combination  of  letters 
shall  receive  its  proper  sound;  that  each  word  shall  be 
correctly  divided  into  syllables;  that  each  word  shall 
have  its  accent  correctly  placed.  Therefore  we  need  to 
understand  the  matter  of 

A  —  Sound 
B  —  Syllables 
C  —  Accent 

A.   SOUND 

The  Letters  of  the  Alphabet.  —  The  Latin  Alphabet 
was  much  like  our  own ;  but  /  and  w  were  lacking, 
and  h,  y,  and  z  were  not  common.  /  served  as  both 
Vowel  and  Consonant.  Like  our  own  the  alphabet  was 
made  up  of  (1)  Vowels  and  (2)  Consonants. 

1.  Vowels 

These  were  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  (y). 

Each  of  these  had  two  sounds  —  a  long  sound  and  a 
short  sound,  which  means  that  sometimes  each  was  sounded 
a  long  time  in  pronouncing,  or  was  sounded  for  a  shorter 
time.  In  most  text-books  for  beginners,  the  vowels  are 
marked  with  a  small  straight  line  (~)  just  above  the  letter 
to  show  that  it  is  to  be  held  somewhat  in  pronouncing,  and 


1  The  correct  pronunciation  of  Latin  is  a  matter  requirinj;^  careful  attention 
on  the  part  of  both  teacher  and  pupil ;  and  though  the  latter  will  gain  much 
from  imitation,  he  should  have  as  early  as  possible  in  his  work  the  principles 
that  govern  proper  pronunciation  at  his  command.  With  that  end  in  view, 
the  following  summary  is  added  to  the  present  edition,  all  former  editions 
having  left  the  matter  entirely  to  the  teacher. 


PRONUNCIATION  11 

with  a  little  curved  line  (")  just  over  the  letter  (or  with 
no  mark  whatever)  to  show  that  the  vowel  is  to  be  sounded 
but  a  short  time,  a  means  long-sounded  a\  a  or  a  means 
short-sounded  a,  or  simply  long  a  and  short  a. 

In  this  book  a  vowel  with  no  mark  is  to  be  regarded 
as  short. 

The  Vowel  Sounds 

a  like  a  in  father  a  like  first  a  in  aha 

e  like  e  in  fete  e  like  e  in  met 

i  like  i  in  police  I  like  i  in  din 

6  like  0  in  tone  '  6  like  o  in  ^o^ 

u  like  u  in  rWe  u  like  u  in  ^^^^ 

Diphthongs 

ae  oe  au  eu  ui 

If  you  will  pronounce  (using  its  Latin  sound)  each  of  the 
two  vowels  in  any  one  of  the  above  groups  in  quick  succes- 
sion, you  will  see  that  they  make  practically  one  sound. 
Now  that  is  what  a  diphthong  is  —  two  vowels  pronounced 
as  one  sound. 

Pronounce 

ae  like  ai  in  aisle  au  like  oit  in  house 

oe  like  oi  in  spoil  eu  like  eiu  in  feiv 

ui  like  oo-ee  spoken  quickly 

2.   Consonants 

The  Latin  consonants  were  sounded  almost  as  in 
English.  The  following  points  of  difference  should  be 
carefully  noted. 

Pronounce 

C  (always  hard)  like  h  —  never  as  in  cent, 

g  (always  hard)  like  g  in  gate  —  never  as  in  gem, 

i-consonant  like  y  in  yet. 


12  PRONUNCIATION 

qu  like  kw. 

s  like  s  in  since  —  never  like  s  in  ease. 

(Avoid  the  z  sound  of  s  in  final  es.) 
t  always  like  t  in  time  —  never  with  the  sh  sound  of  t 

in  -tion  English  words. 
V  like  English  w. 

In  doubled  consonants  such  as  II,  mm,  nn,  rr,  tt,  there 
should  be  a  sound  for  each  of  the  two. 

The  few  varia^ipns  that  remain  may  be  pointed  out  by 
the  teacher  as  they  occur. 

B.  SYLIiABLES 

Latin  words  were  not  divided  into  syllables  in  just  the 
same  way  that  we  divide  English  words.  For  in  Latin 
a  word  has  as  many  syllables  as  it  has  separate  vowels 
and  diphthongs  ;  so  that  the  word  ndtio  =  nation,  which 
we  would  pronounce  with  two  syllables,  is  in  Latin  a 
three-syllable  word ;  thus,  nd-ti-o. 

It  will  be  of  help  to  know  the  meaning  of  the  following 
names,  which  are  applied  to  words  according  to  the  number 
of  syllables  they  contain  — 

A  word  of  one  syllable  is  called  a  Monosyllable, 
A  word  of  two  syllables  is  called  a  Dissyllable. 
A  word  of  three  syllables  is  called  a  Trisyllable. 

We  also  speak  of  words  as  monosyllabic,  dissyllabic,  and 
trisyllabic  according  as  they  have  respectively  one,  two,  or 
three  syllables. 

Polysyllable  and  polysyllabic  are  sometimes  applied  to 
words  of  three  or  more  syllables. 

Words  having  the  same  number  of  syllables  are  said  to 
be  parisyllabic. 

Words  not  having  the  same  number  of  syllables  are 
said  to  be  imparisyllabic.^ 

1  Try  to  find  where  all  these  names  originated. 


PRONUNCIATION  13 

The  following  rules  will  guide  you  in  dividing  words 
into  syllables  — 

1.  A  single  consonant  between  two  vowels,  or  between 
a  vowel  and  a  diphthong,  is  put  with  the  second ;  thus, 
amicus  =  a-m%-cus,  aqua  =  a-qua,^ 

2.  If  there  are  two  or  more  consonants  between  two 
vowels  or  diphthongs,  use  as  many  of  the  consonants  with 
the  second  as  can  be  pronounced  with  it;  t\\.Vi^y jpugnat  = 
jpug-nat ;  carmen  ^=  car-men  ;  templum  =  tem-plum, 

3.  Doubled  consonants  are  separated;  thus,  vellum  = 
vel-lum. 

Length  of  Syllables 

Syllables  are  long  or  short  according  as  they  require 
a  longer  or  shorter  time  in  pronouncing,  the  difference 
being  much  the  same  as  in  the  case  of  the  vowels. 

A  syllable  containing  a  long  vowel,  or  a  diphthong,  or 
a  short  vowel  followed  by  two  consonants  or  by  x  or  z, 
is  long. 

Most  other  syllables  are  short. 

C.  ACCENT 

If  you  will  pronounce  carefully,  and  rather  slowly,  any 
English  word  of  more  than  one  syllable,  you  will  notice 
that  some  one  of  its  syllables  is  dwelt  on,  and  so  made 
more  prominent  than  any  other ;  e.  g.,  English,  meaning, 
pronounce,  study,  behavior.  This  prominence,  or  stress 
of  the  voice,  is  called  Accent. 

English  words  may  have  the  accent  on  any  syllable. 
There  is  hardly  any  rule  governing  the  position  of  the 

1  </  is  always  followed  by  u,  and  the  two  make  practically  one  consonant 
sound,     su,  gUy  hu,  and  cu  may  be  so  combined. 


14  PRONUNCIATION 

stress  or  accent.  We  consult  the  dictionary  and  that 
directs  us ;  thus  we  are  told  to  say  in-ter-est-ing,  in-t^r- 
nal-ly,  fun-da-m^n-tal,  mis-un-der-stand.  Here  are  four 
words,  each  having  four  syllables,  and  in  no  two  is  the 
stress  put  on  the  same  syllable. 

In  accenting  Latin  words,  we  may  say  that  only  the 
last  three  syllables  of  a  word  are  to  be  considered  ;  and  of 
these,  one  (the  very  last)  is  never  accented.  For  conven- 
ience, these  three  syllables  are  named  as  follows  — 

The  Ultima}  or  last  syllable. 

The  Penult,  or  that  before  the  Ultima. 

The  Antepenult,  or  that  before  the  Penult. 

Rules  of  Accent 
I.  Words  of  Two  Syllables 
In  words  of  two  syllables  accent  the  Penult.         i 

II.  Words  of  More  than  Two  Syllables 

If  the  Penult  is  a  long  syllable,  accent  the  Penult. 

If  the  Penult  is  a  short  syllable,  accent  the  Antepenult. 

CAUTIONS 

1.  Never  accent  the  last  syllable  of  a  Latin  word. 

Pupils  often  do  this  to  emphasise  the  differing  case 
and  personal  endings. 

2.  Do  not  mistake  the  hyphens  used  in  the  paradigms 
and  exercises  for  syllable-division  marks. 

3.  Do  not  mistake  long  marks  (")  for  marks  of  accent. 
Accent  marks  are  not  used  in  this  book. 


1  Try  to  find  where  all  these  names  originated. 


PRONUNCIATION 


15 


4.  Eemember  that  mucli  of  the  Latin  you  are  to  read 
later  will  have  no  marks  of  any  kind ;  that  those  used  in 
this  book  are  for  your  guidance  in  acquiring  a  correct 
pronunciation. 

EXERCISES 

Examples  to  illustrate  these  principles,  and  exercises 
for  drill,  should  be  *given  by  the  teacher  to  such  extent 
as  he  feels  the  class  requires. 

I.    Separate  into  syllables  and  pronounce  the  following  — 


vincetur 

regione 

capere 

idem 

vincitis 

vocabimur 

reges 

mater 

magistrum 

huic 

quae 

manere 

causa 

utilis 

patientis 

doces 

amicus 

pater 

more 

equus 

coepisti 

sumus 

iubeo 

aedificaverunt 

II.    To  be  read  in  class  — 

Brevi  tempore  ad  flumen  Tiberim  venit.  Tum  tamen 
nulla  erat  urbs  in  eo  loco,  Eoma  enim  nondum  coiidita 
erat.  Hercules  itinere  fessus  constituit  ibi  paucos  dies 
morari,  ut  se  ex  laboribus  recrearet.  Hand  procul  a 
valle  ubi  boves  pascebantur  spelunca  erat,  in  qua  Cacus, 
horribile  mon strum,  tum  habitabat.  Hic  speciem  terri- 
bilem  praebebat,  non  modo  quod  ingenti  magnitudine 
corporis  erat,  sed  quod  ignem  ex  ore  exsplrabat.  Cacus 
au^em  de  adventu  Herculis  famam  acceperat;  noctu 
igitur  venit,  et  dum  Hercules  dormit,  quattuor  pulcher- 
rimorum  boum  abripuit.  Hos  caudis  in  speluncam  traxit, 
ne  Hercules  e  vestigiis   cognoscere   posset  quo  in  loco 

Celati  essent.  (From  ''  Fabulae  Faciles.") 


16 


A-VERBS 


FIRST  CONJUGATION:  A-VERBS 

Verbs  whose  Present  Stem  ends  in  a  belong   to  the 
First  Conjugation. 

Example  —  Ama-re,  to  love.  Pres.  Stem  Ama-. 

ACTIVE   VOICE 

Present  Tense 

The  Present  Tense  is  formed  by  adding  Personal  End- 
ings to  the  Present  Stem,  ama-. 


Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing.  1. 
2. 
3. 

Plur.  1. 
2. 
3. 

Present  Stem  +  o  * 

'^      +  s 
"      + 1 

"          "      +  mus 
"     +  tis 
"     +  nt 

am-6 
ama-s 
ama-t 

ama-mus 

ama-tis 

ama-nt 

I  love.     Obs.  1. 
Thou  loves t. 
He  loves. 

We  love. 
You  love. 
They  love. 

*  [In  the  First  Person  Singular,  by  adding  o  to  ama-  we  get  ama-o,  but 
this  is  contracted  to  am-o  ;  hence  the  a  at  the  end  of  the  Stem  is  not  seen. 
A  vowel  which  results  from  contraction  is  long.] 

Ohs.  1.  —  Note  shortening  of  final  vowel  of  Present  Stem,  and  where. 

Obs.  2.  —  Remember  that  the  Present  Tense  has  three  forms  in  English — 


Am5    =  /  lovey 
Amas  =  Thou  lovest, 
Amat  =  He  loves. 


I  am  loving. 
Thou  art  loving, 
He  is  loving, 


I  do  love, 
Thou  dost  love, 
He  does  love,  etc. 


06s.  3.  —  No  separate  Latin  word  is  required  for  *I/  'thou/  'he/  etc.; 
thus,  amat,  he  loves.  Here  '  he/  which  is  the  Subject  of  the  sentence,  is 
said  to  be  contained  in  the  Verb,  and  'amat'  is  a  complete  sentence  in 
one  word. 


A-VERBS 


17 


VOCABULAKY 

^-Verbs  conjugated  like  amo 


Canto,  I  sing, 

Present  Stem,  canta-. 

Pugno,  IJight, 

"            pugna-. 

Salto,  I  dance, 

salta-. 

Voc5,  /  call^ 

*'           voca-. 

Non  =  not. 

EXERCISE 

I 

1. 

Canta-t. 

11. 

Non  salt-o. 

2. 

Pugna-s. 

12. 

Non  voca-s. 

3. 

Salta-mus. 

13. 

Canta-s. 

4. 

Voca-nt. 

14. 

Pugna-tis. 

5. 

Canta-tis. 

15. 

Non  voca-t. 

6. 

Pugna-t. 

16. 

Canta-mus. 

7. 

Salta-tis. 

17. 

Non  pugna-nt. 

8. 

Voca-mus. 

18. 

Non  voc-o. 

9. 

Canta-nt. 

19. 

Non  voca-tis. 

.0. 

Pugna-mus. 

20. 

Salta-nt. 

1. 

They  sing. 

11. 

He  does  not  dance. 

2. 

We  fight. 

12. 

I  am  calling. 

3. 

You  dance. 

13. 

You  are  not  singing. 

4. 

He  calls. 

14. 

They  fight. 

5. 

Thou  singest. 

15. 

Thou  dost  call. 

6. 

I  do  not  fight. 

16. 

He  is  fighting. 

7. 

He  is  dancing. 

17. 

Thou  dance  St. 

8. 

They  are  calhng.            18. 

We  do  not  call. 

9. 

We  do  not  sin| 

^.            19. 

They  dance. 

0. 

You  are  fighting.           20. 

He  does  not  fight. 

18 


A-VERBS 


FIRST   CONJUGATION  :  A-VERBS  —  continued 
Ama-re,  to  love.  Pres.  Stem  Ama-. 

ACTIVE  VOICE 
Imperfect  and  Future  Simple  Tenses 

Both  these   Tenses  are  formed,  like    the  Present,  by 
adding  Personal  Endings  to  the  Present  Stem,  ama-. 


IMPERFECT 


Sing.  1. 
2. 
3. 

Plur.  1. 
2. 
3. 


Present  Stem  -}-  bam 
"     +  bas 
"     +  bat 

"     +  bamus 
•'     +  batis 
"     +  bant 


ama-bam 
ama-bas 
ama-bat 

ama-bamus 

ama-batis 

ama-bant 


/  was  loving. 
Thou  wast  loving. 
He  was  loving. 

We  were  loving. 
You  were  loving. 
They  were  loving. 


FUTURE    SIMPLE 


Sing. 


Plur.  1. 
2. 
3. 


Present  Stem  +  bo  * 
"     +  bis 
"     +  bit 

'*     +  bimus 
"     +  bitis 
"     -f  bunt 


ama-bo  * 

ama-bis 

ama-bit 

ama-bimus 

ama-bitis 

ama-bunt 


/  shall  {or  will)  love. 
Thou  wilt  love. 
He  will  love. 

We  shall  {or  will)  love. 
You  will  love. 
They  will  love. 


*  What  two  vowels  are  contracted  to  form  the  o  ? 

06s.  —  In  addressing  one  person  *  you '  is  now  more  commonly  used 
than  *  thou/  therefore  both  the  Second  Person  Singular  and  the  Second 
Person  Plural  may  be  translated  'you';  thus,  amas,  you  love,  and 
amatis,  you  love,  but  '  amas '  is  addressed  to  one  person,  *  amatis  *  to 
more  than  one. 


A-VERBS 


19 


VOCABULARY 


Laudu,  I  praise. 

Present  Stem,  lauda-. 

Rogo,  /  ash. 

"            roga-. 

♦  EXERCISE   II 

1. 

Salta-bat. 

11. 

Salta-bam. 

2. 

Voca-mus. 

12. 

Voca-bamus. 

3. 

Pugna-bit. 

13. 

Roga-bitis.  " 

4. 

Eoga-bis. 

14. 

Salta-t. 

5. 

Lauda-s. 

15. 

Voca-s. 

6. 

Canta-bitis. 

16. 

Lauda-nt. 

7. 

Yoca-bant. 

17. 

Lauda-bat. 

8. 

Pugna-bunt. 

18. 

Pugna-bant. 

9. 

Voca-bas. 

19. 

Canta-nt. 

0. 

Pugna-tis. 

20. 

Voca-bis. 

1. 

We  shall  fight. 

11. 

They  were  asking. 

2. 

He  was  calling. 

12. 

You  (sing.)  will  praise. 

3. 

They  will  praise. 

13. 

He  was  not  calling. 

4. 

Thou  dost  fight. 

14 

He  is  praising. 

5. 

I  shall  ask. 

15. 

You  (sing.)  were  fightin: 

6. 

They  were  dancing. 

16. 

We  do  not  dance. 

7. 

We  are  calling. 

17. 

You  (pi.)  were  calling. 

8. 

He  calls. 

18. 

We  were  praising. 

9. 

They  will  call. 

19. 

You  (pi.)  will  sing. 

0. 

He  does  not  fight. 

20. 

He  is  dancing. 

20 


A-VERBS 


FIRST   CONJUGATION:    A-Y EBBS  — continued 
Ama-re,  to  love 

ACTIVE   VOICE 
The  Perfect  and  Aorist  Tense 


This  Tense  is  formed  by  adding  the  Personal  Endings  ^ 
to  the  Perfect  Stem,  amav-. 

The  Perfect  Stem  of  any  regular  Verb  of  the  First 
Conjugation  is  found  by  adding  v  to  the  Present  Stem ; 
thus  — 


Present  Stem,  ama-, 
"  pugna-, 

"  lauda-, 


Perfect  Stem,  amav-, 
"  piignav-. 

"  laudav-. 


Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing.  1. 

Pf.Stem  +  i 

amav-i 

Perfect 

Aorist 

I  have  loved. 

/  loved.^ 

2. 

+  isti 

amav-isti 

Thou  hast  loved. 

Thou  lovedst. 

3. 

'*       +it 

amav-it 

He  has  loved. 

He  loved. 

Plur.  1. 

"       +  imus 

amav-imus 

We  have  loved. 

We  loved. 

2. 

"       +i9tis 

amav-istis 

You  have  loved. 

You  loved. 

3. 

''       +  erunt 
.  or -{-ere 

amav-erunt 
or  amav-ere 

They  have  loved. 

They  loved. 

Remember  there  is  only  one  form  in  Latin  for  both  Perfect  and  Aorist ; 
thus,  'amavi'  means  both  /  have  loved  and  /  loved  or  did  love. 


1  These  Pers.  Ends,  are  peculiar  to  this  Tense,  i.  e.  are  not  used  elsewhere. 

2  Or,  /  did  love,  etc. 


A-YERBS 


21 


EXERCISE   III 


1.  Rogav-it. 

2.  Salta-bat. 

3.  Pugnav-imus. 

4.  Non  roga-nt. 

5.  Voca-bit.         ^ 

6.  Salta-t. 

7.  Laudav-erunt. 

8.  Yocav-isti. 

9.  Pugna-bimus. 

10.  Laudav-it. 

11.  Yoca-bat. 

12.  Salta-bit. 


13.  Non  lauda-mus. 

14.  Saltav-istis. 

15.  Cantav-erunt. 

16.  Non  laudav-i. 

17.  Yoca-t. 

18.  Yocav-it. 

19.  Non  salta-t. 

20.  Cantav-isti. 

21.  Roga-batis. 

22.  Laudav-imus. 

23.  Salta-bitis. 

24.  Pugnav-istis. 


J.  We  have  praised. 

2.  They  danced. 

3.  He  did  not  fight. 

4.  You  (sing.)  were  calling. 

5.  He  sings. 

6.  He  will  dance. 

7.  They  have  asked. 

8.  We  did  not  praise. 

9.  You  will  ask. 

10.  They  fought. 

11.  They  did  not  dance. 

12.  We  were  calling. 


13.  They  do  not  praise. 

14.  Thou  hast  not  called. 

15.  We  are  dancing. 

16.  I  was  calling. 

17.  They  are  dancing. 

18.  We  will  ask. 

19.  He  has  praised. 

20.  You  have  asked. 

21.  You  will  call. 

22.  We  have  fought. 

23.  You  are  calling. 

24.  I  did  not  praise. 


•22 


A-VERBS 


FIRST   CONJUGATION:    A-YEUBS  —  continued 

ACTIVE   VOICE 

The  Pluperfect  and  the  Future  Perfect  Tenses 

Both  these  Tenses  are  formed,  like  the  Perfect  and 
Aorist,  by  adding  Personal  Endings  to  the  Perfect  Stem, 
amav-. 


PLUPEKFECT 


Formation 


Example 


English 


Sing.  1. 
2. 
3. 

Plur.  1. 
2. 
3. 


Pf.  Stem  +  eram 
+  eras 
+  erat 

+  eranius 
+  eratis 
+  erant 


amav-eram 
amav-eras 
amav  erat 

amav-eramus 

amav-eratis 

amav-erant 


/  had  loved. 
Thou  hadst  loved. 
He  had  loved. 

We  had  loved. 
Yon  had  loved. 
They  had  loved. 


FUTUKE   PERFECT 


Siug  1. 
2. 
3. 

Plur.  1. 
2. 
3. 


Pf.  Stem  +  ero 
+  eris 
+  erit 

+  erimus 
+  eritis 
+  erint 


amav-ero 
amav-eris 
amav-erit 

amav-erimus 

amav-eritis 

amav-erint 


I  shall  have  loved. 
Thou  ivilt  have  loved. 
He  will  have  loved. 

We  shall  have  loved. 
You  will  have  loved. 
They  will  have  loved. 


In  the  sentence  amat  =  he  loves,  the  Subject  is  contained  in  the  Verb, 
but  the  Subject  may  also  be  a  separate  word ;  thus,  Puella  amat,  the  girl 
loves. 

Obs. — The  Verb  must  aj^ree  in  Person  with  its  Subject;  thus,  puella, 
the  Subject,  is  of  the  Third  Person,  therefore  the  Verb  amat  is  also  of  the 
Third  Person.     See  Rule  p.  24. 


A-VERBS 


23 


VOCABULARY 


Volo,  I  fly, 
Vulnero,  /  woundy 


Present  Stem,  vola-. 

"  vulnera-. 


Hasta,  a  spear. 
Puella,  a  girl. 
Regina,  a  queen. 


EXERCISE   IV 


1.  Vocav-erat. 

2.  Pugnav-erit. 

3.  Hasta  vola-bat. 

4.  Pugna-bit. 

5.  Vocav-erimus. 

6.  Yulnera-mus. 

7.  Rogav-eris. 

8.  Saltav-eras. 

9.  Puella  lauda-t. 
10.  Vocav-erunt. 


11.  Non  salta-bimus. 

12.  Rogav-eratis. 

13.  Puella  saltav-erat. 

14.  Vulnerav-erunt. 

15.  Yulnera-bunt. 

16.  Laudav-erit. 

17.  Yulnera-tis. 

18.  Cantav-erant. 

19.  Yocav-erint. 

20.  Pugnav-erunt. 


1.  They  had  called. 

2.  He  will  have  asked. 

3.  We  have  fought. 

4.  Ye  were  dancing. 

5.  The  girl  will  praise. 

6.  We  sang. 

7.  They  will  have  sung. 

8.  You  (pi.)  did  not  praise. 

9.  The  spear  flies. 
10.  We  had  wounded. 


11.  They  did  not  fight. 

12.  You  (sing.)  had  praised. 

13.  The  queen  will  ask. 

14.  We  shall  have  fought. 

15.  He  had  sung. 

16.  The  spear  will  wound. 

17.  They  do  not  fight. 

18.  We  were  calling. 

19.  The  girl  had  danced. 

20.  Thou  wilt  have  fought. 


24 


NOUNS 


NOUNS 


FIRST  DECLENSION 


Nouns  whose  Genitive  Singular  ends  in  ae  belong  to 
the  First  Declension.     The  Nominative  ends  in  a. 
The  Cases  are  formed  as  follows  — 


SiNOULAR 

Plural 

Nom. 

Mens-a 

a  table  (/.) 

Mens-ae 

tables. 

Gen. 

Mens-ae 

of  a  table. 

Mens-arum 

of  tables. 

Dat. 

Mens-ae 

to  or  for  a  table. 

Me  US-is 

to  or  for  tables. 

Ace. 

Mens- am 

a  table. 

Mens-as 

tables. 

Voc. 

Mens-a 

0  table. 

Mens-ae 

0  tables. 

Ahl. 

Mens-a 

by  J  with,  or  from 
a  table. 

Mens-is 

by,  with,  or  from 
tables. 

Most  Nouns  of  the  Eirst  Declension  are  of  the  Feminine  Gender. 

Rule  —  The  Subject  of  the  Sentence  is  in  the  Nominative 
Case. 

Observe  that  if  the  Subject  is  Singular,  the  Verb  must  be  Singular 
"     *'     "         "        *♦  Plural,        "       ''         "       "  Plural. 

Thus,  in  the  sentence  The  girls  love,  the  Subject,  girls,  is  Plural,  there- 
fore the  Verb  must  also  be  Plural,  and  the  Latin  will  be  '  Puellae  amant.' 
Thus  we  derive  (see  bottom  p.  22) : 

KuLE — The  Verb  agrees  with  its  Subject  in  Number  and 
Person. 

Kemember  that  every  sentence  having  a  noun  for  its  subject  will  have 
its  verb  in  the  3d  Person, 


NOUNS 


25 


VOCABULARY 

Decline  — 

Epistola,  -ae,  f .,  a  letter. 


Sagitta,  -ae,  f.,  an  arrow. 


EXERCISE   V 


Point  out  the  Subject  and  Predicate  in  each  Sentence. 


1.  Hastae  vulnera-nt.  11. 

2.  Eegina  lauda-bat.  12. 

3.  Non  pugnav-eramus.  13. 

4.  Puellae  salta-bunt.  14. 

5.  Vocav-erunt.  15. 

6.  Kegina  cantav-erit.  16. 

7.  Puellae  voca-bant.  17. 

8.  Non  ama-tis.  18. 

9.  Keginae  laudav-erant.  19. 
10.  Sagittae  vulnerav-erunt.  20. 


Epistola  lauda-bit. 
Cantav-eramus. 
Laudav-istis. 
Non  pugna-batis. 
Keginae  salta-nt. 
Puella  vocav-erit. 
Puellae  vocav-erant. 
Hastae  vulnera-bunt. 
Non  saltav-isti. 
Vocav-erint. 


1.  The  girls  do  not  call. 

2.  The  queen  will  fight. 

3.  The  spears  wounded. 

4.  You  did  not  dance. 

5.  I  had  not  fought. 

6.  The  queens  praised. 

7.  The  girls  were  dancing. 

8.  The  spears  will  fly. 

9.  We  had  sung. 
10.  Thou  didst  fight. 


11.  The  arrows  were  flying. 

12.  The  queen  had  praised. 

13.  We  shall  have  sung. 

14.  Ye  were  asking. 

15.  The  queen  does  not  dance. 

16.  They  had  fought. 

1 7.  We  do  not  praise. 

18.  The  girl  has  not  sung. 

19.  They  have  asked. 

20.  We  are  not  praising. 


26 


E- VERBS 


SECOND  CONJUOATION:    E- VERBS 

Verbs  whose  Present  Stem  ends  in  e  belong  to  the 
Second  Conjugation. 

Example —  Mone-ke,  to  advise. 

Present  Stem,  mone-,  Perfect  Stem,  monii-. 

ACTIVE  VOICE 

Tenses  formed  from  the  Present  Stem  Mone- 

[The  Personal  Endings  are  the  same  as  in  the  First  Conjugation.] 


PRESENT 

Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing.  1. 

2 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  Stem  +  o 

"     +s 
"     +t 
"        "     +  mus 
"     +  tis 
"     +nt 

mone-6,  p.  1 6, 06s.  1. 

mone-s 

mone-t 

mone-mus 

mone-tis 

mone-nt 

I  advise,  p.  16,  06s.  1. 

Thou  advisest. 

He  advises. 

We  advise. 

You  advise. 

The}!  advise. 

IMPEBFECT 

Sing.  I. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.l. 

2. 

3, 

Pres.  Stem  +  bam 
"     +bas 
"     +bat 
"        **    +bamus 
"     4- batis 
'*     +bant 

mone-bam 

mone-bas 

mone-bat 

mone-bamus 

mone-batis 

mone-bant 

I  was  advising. 
Thou  wast  advising. 
He  was  advising. 
We  were  advising. 
You  were  advising. 
They  were  advising. 

FUTURE    SIMPLE 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.l. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  Stem  +  bo 
''     +bis 
"     +bit 
"     +  bimus 
"     +  bitis 
"     +  bunt 

mone-bo 

mone-bis 

mone-bit 

mone-bimus 

mone-bitis 

mone-bunt 

I  shall  (or  will)      ■\ 
Thou  wilt 
He  will 

We  shall  (or  will) 
You  will 
They  will                ' 

Rule  —  The  Object  of  a  Transitive  Verb  is  in  the  Accusa- 
tive Case.     See  page  3. 

Thus —  Subject  Transitive  Verb  Object 

The  queen  loves  the  girl, 

Reglna  (Nom.)  amat  puellam  (A ecus.) 


E-VERBS 

VOCABULARY 


27 


Verbs  of  Second  Conjugation  like  moneo 


Doce-o,  /  teach, 
Tene-6,  /  hold, 
Time-6, 1  fear, 


Present  Stem,  doce-. 
"  tene-. 

"  time-. 


EXERCISE   VI 


Point  out  the  Subject  and 

1.  Doce-mus  puellam.^ 

2.  Tene-bant  hastas. 

3.  Tene-t  hastam. 

4.  Time-bunt  reginam. 

5.  Puellae  non  time-nt. 

6.  Regina  saltav-erat. 

7.  Tene-bam  epistolam. 

8.  Hastae  vulnera-nt. 

9.  Non  time-bo  hastas. 
10.  Doce-tis  puellas. 

1.  We  fear  the  queen. 

2.  Ye  teach  the  girls. 

3.  The  girl  will  fear. 

4.  They  hold  a  spear. 

5.  Ye  were  not  teaching. 

6.  Thou  dost  fear. 

7.  We  had  not  danced. 

8.  He  praised  the  letter. 

9.  I  will  teach  the  girl. 
10.  He  is  not  fighting. 


Object  (where  there  is  one). 

11.  Non  pugnav-isti. 

12.  Yoca-t  reginam. 

13.  Hasta  volav-erit. 

14.  Lauda-mus  puellam. 

15.  Tene-batis  hastas. 

16.  Non  doce-bitis. 

17.  Tene-t  epistolam. 

18.  Time-bat  hastam. 

19.  Keginae  time-nt. 

20.  Non  pugnav-eramus. 

11.  They  were  holding  letters. 

12.  You  will  fear  the  spear. 

13.  Thou  didst  not  call. 

14.  Spears  had  wounded. 

15.  They  will  teach  girls. 

16.  The  girls  were  fearing. 

17.  You  will  not  have  fought. 

18.  Thou  teachest  the  queen. 

19.  They  fear  the  spears. 

20.  He  called  the  girl. 


1  The  correct  Latin  order  is  not  alluded  to  till  a  later  exercise;  it  can,  of 
course,  be  insisted  on  from  the  first  in  the  English-Latin  exercise.  Until  the 
correct  order  is  used  in  the  Exercises,  require  the  pupil  to  rearrange  each 
eentence  that  contains  an  object. 


28 


E-VERBS 


SECOND   CONJUGATION:   :E-YEB,BS  —  continued 

MoNE-RE,  to  advise 

Present  Stem,  mone-,  Perfect  Stem,  monu-. 

ACTIVE   VOICE 
Tenses  formed  from  the  Perfect  Stem  Monu- 

The  Perfect  Stem  of  any  regular  Verb  of  the  Second 
Conjugation  is  found  by  changing  the  last  letter  of  the 
Present  Stem  from  e  into  u.     Thus  — 

Present  Stem,  mone-,  Perfect  Stem,  monu-. 

**  "       doce-,  "  •*      docu-. 

[The  Personal  Endings  are  the  same  as  in  the  First  Conjugation.] 


PERFECT    AND    AORIST 


Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 


Pf.  Stem-f  i 
"      +  isti 
"     -fit 
"     +iinus 
"     -f  istis 
"     +  erunt 
or  +  ere 


monu-i 

monu-isti 

monu-it 

monu-imus 

monu-istis 

monu-erunt 

or  monu-ere 


Perfect 


/  have 
Thou  hast 
He  has 
We  have 
You  have 
They  have. 


Aorist 


/  advised. 
Thou  advisedst 
He  advised. 
We  advised'. 
You  advised. 
They  advised. 


PLUPERFECT 


Sing.  1 
2 
3 

Plur.  1 
2. 
3 


Pf .  Stem  -h  eram 
*'       -j-  eras 
"        -f  erat 
"       +eramus 
*'       +  eratis 
"       -h  erant 


monu-eram 

monu-eras 

monu-erat 

monu-eramus 

monu-eratis 

monu-erant 


/  had  advised. 
Thou  hadst  advised. 
He  had  advised. 
We  had  advised. 
You  had  advised. 
They  had  advised. 


FUTURE   PERFECT 


Sing.  1 
2 
3 

Plur.  1 
2 
3 


Pf. 


Stem  +  ero 
"        +  eris 
"        f  erit 
"       +  erimus 
"        -f  eritis 
"       +  erint 


monu-ero 

monu-eris 

monu-erit 

monu-erimus 

nionu-eritis 

monu-erint 


/  shall  have  advised. 
Thou  wilt  have  advised. 
He  will  have  advised. 
We  shall  have  advised. 
You  will  have  advised. 
They  will  have  advised. 


E-VERBS 


29 


VOCABULARY 

Aqua,  -ae,  f.,  water.  Ira,  -ae,  f.,  anger. 


EXERCISE  VII 


Point  out  the  Subject  and  Object. 


1.  Tenu-i  hastam. 

2.  Docu-eras  puellas. 

3.  Eeglna  timu-erit. 

4.  Tenu-imus  sagittas. 

5.  Timu-eratis  aquam. 

6.  Lauda-bitis  epistolas. 

7.  Puellae  saltav-erunt. 

8.  Eegina  time-t  hastam. 

9.  Laudav-erant  puellam. 
10.  Puellae  timu-erunt. 


11.  Non  time-o  iram. 

12.  Docu-isti  puellam. 

13.  Regina  monu-erit. 

14.  Sagittae  vola-bunt. 

15.  Tene-tis  sagittas. 

16.  Non  monu-istis. 

17.  Timu-erant  hastas. 

18.  Docu-eris  reginam. 

19.  Puellae  canta-bant. 

20.  Timu-erint  reginam. 


1.  We  held  spears. 

2.  You  do  not  fear  anger. 

•  3.  The  girl  had  not  taught. 

4.  Thou  didst  teach  the  girl. 

5.  We  praised  the  letter. 

6.  I  did  not  fear  the  arrow. 

7.  We  do  not  praise  the  girl. 

8.  We  shall  not  fight. 

9.  He  was  teaching  the  girl. 

10.  They  had  held  the  arrows. 

11.  The  queen  will  have  ad- 

vised. 


12.  You  are  not  praising. 

13.  They  fear  the  water. 

14.  The  girls  had  not  fought. 

15.  I  did  not  praise  the  girl. 

16.  The     queen    has     not 

feared. 

17.  The  arrow  has  wounded. 

18.  The     spears     did    not 

wound. 

19.  Thou  hadst  taught  the 

queen. 

20.  Thou  art  holdino^  a  letter. 


30 


NOUNS 


NOUNS 


SECOND  DECLENSION 


Nouns  whose  Genitive  Singular  ends  in  ^  belong  to  the 
Second  Declension. 

The  Nominative  ends  in  Us  or  er,  if  the  Noun  is  Mas- 
culine or  Feminine.  Feminine  nouns  in  this  Declension 
are  rather  few. 

The  Nominative  ends  in  um,  if  the  Noun  is  Neuter. 
Masculine 


SlNGULAB 

Plubal^ 

Nom. 

D6min-U8 

a  lord  (ni.). 

Domin-i 

lords. 

Gen. 

Domin-i 

of  a  lord. 

Dominorum 

of  lords. 

Dai. 

Domin-o 

to  or  for  a  lord. 

Domin-is 

to  or  for  lords. 

Ace, 

Domin-um 

a  lord. 

Domin-os 

lords. 

Voc. 

Domin-e 

0  lord. 

Domin-i 

0  lords. 

Ahl. 

I>omin-6 

by,  with,  or  from 
a  lord.^ 

Domin-is 

by,  withy  or  from 
'  lords.T^ 

Nom. 

Magister 

a  master  (m.). 

Magistr-i 

masters. 

Gen. 

Magistr-i 

of  a  master. 

Magistrorum 

of  masters. 

Dat. 

Magistr-6 

to  or  for  a  master. 

Magistr-is 

to  or  for  masters. 

Ace. 

M  agist  r-um 

a  master. 

Magistr-6s 

masters. 

Voc. 

Magister 

0  master. 

Magistr-i 

0  masters. 

Abl. 

Magistr-o 

by,  with,  or  from 
a  master.'^ 

Magistr-is 

by,  with,  or  from 
masters.^ 

The  Case-endiugs  of  domimis  and  magister  are  exactly  alike  except  in 
the  Nominative  and  Vocative  Singular. 

Observe  that  in  declining  magister  the  e  is  dropped  in  all  Cases  except 
Nominative  and  Vocative  Singular. 


1  A  Preposition  is  required  to  give  this  meaning  to  the  Ablative  of  dominua 
and  magister,  or  of  any  word  which  is  the  name  of  a  person. 


NOUNS 


31 


VOCABULARY 

Like  Dominus.  Like  Magister. 

Serv-us,  -i,  m.,  a  slave. 
Amic-us,  -i,  m.,  a  friend. 


Liber,  libri,  m.,  a  hook. 


EXERCISE   VIII 

Point  out  the  Subject  and  Object. 

1.  Magister  lauda-t  s^rvum.  11.  Servitime-nt  dominum. 

2.  Puellae  tene-bant  libros.    12.  Regina  lauda-t  librum. 

3.  Regina  amav-it  amicum.    13.  Hastavulnera-bitservum. 

4.  Nontimu-erunt dominum.  14.  Puella  timu-it  aquam. 

5.  Amici  voca-bunt  servos.     15.  Non  tene-bimus  hastas. 


6.  Servi  non  pugnav-erant. 

7.  Eegina  tenu-erit  hastam. 

8.  Lauda-bamus  amicos. 

9.  Hastae  vulnerav-erunt. 
10.  Docu-erimus  puellas. 

1.  The  slaves  feared  the 

queen. 

2.  The   friend  will   hold 

spears. 

3.  The  girl  fears  the  slaves. 

4.  I  did  not  praise  the  girl. 

5.  The  master  had  taught. 

6.  We  will  praise  the  book. 

7.  You  (sing.)  do  not  fear 

water. 

8.  I  had  called  a  slave. 

9.  The     girls     love    the 

queen. 
10.  They   will    not    have 
fought. 


1 6.  Magister  doce-t  puellas. 

17.  Ama-batis  magistros. 

18.  Servi  tene-bunt  sagittas. 

19.  Yulnerav-isti  reginam. 

20.  Non  laudav-istis  libros. 

11.  The  spear  wounded  the 

girl. 

12.  You    were   holding  the 

book. 

13.  The  girls  have  not  sung. 

14.  Thou    hast    called    the 

slaves. 

15.  The     queen     loves    the 

friends. 

16.  We  fear  the  master. 

17.  You  had  held  the  spear. 

18.  We  did  not  call  the  girl. 

19.  We  were    teaching   the 

slaves. 

20.  They  praised  the  letters. 


32 


NOUNS 


SECOND  DECLENSION  — con^m«e(/ 
Masculine 

A  few  words  ending  in  er  do  not  drop  the  e  in  declen- 
sion, as  magister  does. 


Singular 

Plural 

Norn. 

Puer 

a  hoy  (m). 

Puer-1 

boys. 

Gen. 

Puer-T 

of  a  boy. 

Puerorum 

of  boys. 

Dat. 

Puer-6 

to  or  for  a  hoy. 

Puer-is 

to  or  for  boys. 

Ace. 

Puer-um 

a  hoi/. 

Pueros 

boys. 

Voc. 

Puer 

0  boy. 

Pueri 

0  boys. 

Ahl. 

Puer-6 

by,  with,  or  from 
a  boy.^ 

Puer-is 

by,  with,  or  from 
boys.  1 

Neuter 

The  Nominative  Singular  of  Neuter  Nouns  of  the  Second 
Declension  ends  in  um. 


Singular 

Plural 

Nam. 

Bell-um 

war  {n.). 

Bell-a 

wars. 

Gen. 

Bell-i 

of  war. 

Bell-6rum 

of  wars. 

Dat. 

Bell-6 

to  or  for  war. 

Bell-is 

to  or  for  wars. 

Ace. 

Bell-um 

war. 

Bell-a 

wars. 

Voc. 

Bell-um 

0  war. 

Bell-a 

0  wars. 

Abl. 

Bell-6 

by,  with,  or  from 
war. 

Bell-is 

by,  withf  or  from 
wars. 

Tn  all  the  Declensions  the  Nominative,  Vocative,  and  Accusative  of 
Neuter  Nouns  are  alike,  and  the  Nominative,  Vocative,  and  Accusative 
Plural  end  in  a. 


1  A  Preposition  is  required.     See  p.  30. 


NOUNS 


33 


VOCABULARY 


D5n-um,  -i,  n.,  a  gift. 

Terre-o,  I  frighten. 


Tel-um,  -i,  n.,  a  dart. 
Present  Stem,  terre-. 


EXERCISE    IX 


[N.  B.  —  In  Latin  the  Object  is  generally  placed  before  its  Verb.] 


1.  Tela  non  terre-nt.  11. 

2.  Puer  dona  lauda-t.  12. 

3.  Voca-bas  pueros.  13. 

4.  Tene-bimus  tela.  14. 

5.  Puella  librum  tenu-it.      15. 

6.  Laudav-istis  araicos.         16. 

7.  Hasta  servum  vulnera-t.  17. 

8.  Eegina  non  saltav-erit.     18. 

9.  Puellae  aquam  time-nt.    19. 
10.  Servi  puerum  ama-bant.  20. 


Pueri  tela  tene-bunt. 
Hastas  non  timu-imus. 
Keginae  vocav-erant. 
Amav-imus  reginam. 
Puer  servos  voca-bat. 
Magister  pueros  docu-it. 
Sagittae  vulnera-bunt. 
Dominus  servum  lauda-t. 
Tenu-eratis  epistolas. 
Puellae  saltav-erunt. 


1.  The  boys  loved  books.  11. 

2.  We  did  not  fear  war.  12. 

3.  The  queen  was  calling.  13. 

4.  Ye  have  taught  boys.  14. 

5.  1  will  praise  the  gifts.  15. 

6.  The  slaves  feared  water.  16. 

7.  Boys  will  hold  arrows.  17. 

8.  Thedartswoundtheboys.  18. 

9.  The  girls  are  not  dancing.  19. 
10.  We  do  not  fear  boys.  20. 


You  (s.)  will  have  sung. 
The  girl  held  letters. 
Masters  will  teach  boys. 
Slaves  fear  darts. 
We  had  called  the  girl. 
They  praised  the  gifts. 
The  queen  will  not  fight. 
You  (pi.)  were  not  singing. 
They  frightened  the  girl. 
The  slaves  had  fought. 


U  CONSONANT  VERBS 

THIRD  CONJUGATION:   CONSONANT  VERBS 

Verbs  whose  Present  Stem  ends  in  a  Consonant  ^  belong 
to  the  Third  Conjugation. 

Example  —  Reg-ere,  to  rule 

Present  Stem,  r6g-,  Perfect  Stem,  rex-» 

ACTIVE  VOICE 
Tenses  formed  from  the  Present  Stem  MeG- 


PKESENT 

Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Present  Stem  +  o 

"    +is 

'*          "    +it 

"    +imus 
"    +  itis 
"     funt 

reg-o 

reg-is 

reg-it 

reg-imus 

reg-itis 

reg-unt 

/  rule. 
Thou  rulest. 
He  rules. 
We  rule. 
You  rule. 
They  rule. 

IMPERFECT 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.l. 

2. 

3. 

Present  Stem  +  ebam 
"     +  ebas 
"     +ebat 

"          "     +  ebamus 
"     +  ebatis 

"          "     +  ebant 

reg-ebam 

reg-ebas 

reg-ebat 

reg-ebamus 

reg-ebatis 

reg-ebant 

I  was  ruling. 
Thou  wast  ruling. 
He  was  ruling. 
We  were  ruling. 
You  were  ruling. 
They  were  ruling. 

FUTURE   SIMPLE 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.l. 

2. 

3. 

Present  Stem  +  am 
-    +es 
"    +et 
"          "    +  emus 
"    +etis 
"    -fent 

reg-am 

reg-es 

reg-et 

reg-emus 

reg-etis 

reg-ent 

I  shall  [or  will)   ^ 

Thou  wilt 

He  will 

Weshall(orwill) 

You  will 

They  will            J 

■i- 

The  Engl.-Lat.  sentences  of  the  following  Exercises  may  be  analyzed 
according  to  the  method  described  on  page  3.  When  the  Subject  is  con- 
tained in  the  Verb,  S.  should  be  placed  over  the  termination,  thus  — 


V.  I.     s.  s.     V.  I. 

Salta-mus  =  We  dance. 


^  Or  in  u. 


CONSONANT   VERBS 


35 


Duc-o,  /  lead, 
Mitt-o,  /  send, 
Scrib-o,  /  writCf 


VOCABULARY 


Verbs  of  Third  Conjugation 


Present  Steniy  duc- 
"  mitt- 

"  scrib- 


Perfect  Stem^  dux-. 
"  mis-. 

"  scrips- 


EXEHCISE  X 


S.  V.  T.  O. 

1.  Puer  scrib-ebat  librum. 

2.  Mitt-ent  servos. 

3.  Puer  aquam  time-t. 

4.  Puerum  non  mitt-unt. 

5.  Libros  scrib-ebat. 

6.  Epistolam  scrlb-etis. 

7.  Docu-erunt  pueros. 

8.  Puer  dona  mitt-et. 

9.  Puella  librum  scrib-it. 
10.  Non  mitt-itis  servum. 


11.  Duc-ebat  puellas. 

12.  Servus  puerum  duc-et. 

13.  Amici  dona  mitt-unt. 

14.  Laudav-eramus  libros. 

15.  Duc-ebatis  puellas. 

16.  Vulnerav-isti  magistrum 

17.  Reginas  docu-eramus. 

18.  Timu-erunt  sagittas. 

19.  Servi  tela  mitt-ent. 

20.  Pueri  servos  voca-nt. 


Analyse  the  following  Sentences  - 


1.  We  will  send  a  slave. 

2.  The  queen  writes  books. 

3.  You  (s.)  were  leading  a 

boy. 

4.  Friends  will  send  gifts. 

5.  We  write  letters. 

6.  The  boys  were  writing. 

7.  The  girls  loved  books. 

8.  We  had  taught  boys. 

9.  You  (pi.)  send  arrows. 
10.  They  had  called  a  slave. 


11.  The  girls  will  dance. 

12.  The  queen  held  a  spear. 

13.  They  will  send  letters. 

14.  We  are  leading  boys. 

15.  We  will  write  books. 

16.  The  master  taught  girls. 

17.  We  will  praise  the  queen. 

18.  You  (pi.)  had  held  letters. 

19.  The  girl  will  send  gifts. 

20.  Friends  write  letters. 


Se  CONSONANT  VERBS 

THIRD   CONJUGATION:    CONSONANT  YEUBS —  continued 

Reg-ere,  to  rule 
Present  Stem,  rSg-,  Perfect  Stem,  rex-. 

ACTIVE   VOICE 
Tenses  formed  from  the  Perfect  Stem  Bex- 
The  Perf.  Stem  of  Verbs  of  the  Third  Conjugation  can- 
not be  found  from  the  Pres.  Stem;  it  must  be  looked  up. 

[The  Personal  Endings  are  the  same  as  in  the  First  and  Second 
Conjugations.] 


PERFECT   AND    AORIST 

Formation 

Examplb 

English 

Sing.  1. 

Pf.  Stem  +  i 

rex-1 

Perfect 

Aorist 

/  have        ^ 

I  ruled. 

2. 

"      "     +isti 

rex-isti 

Thou  hast 

Thou  didst  rule. 

3. 

"       "    4  it 

rex-it 

He  has 

2 

He  rided. 

Plur.l. 

"       "     +  imus 

rex-imus 

We  have 

We  ruled. 

2. 

''       "     +  istis 

rex-istis 

You  have 

You  ruled. 

3. 

"       "     +  erunt 

rex-erunt 

They  have) 

They  ruled. 

or  +  ere 

or  rex-ere| 

PLUPERFECT 

Sing.  1. 

Perf.  Stem  +  eram 

rex-eram 

I  had  ruled. 

2. 

"        "     +  eras 

rex-eras 

Thou  hadst  ruled. 

3. 

"     +  erat 

rex-erat 

He  had  ruled. 

Plur.  1. 

"       **     +  eramus 

rex-eramus 

We  had  ruled. 

2. 

"       "     +  eratis 

rex-eratis 

You  had  ruled. 

3. 

"       "     +  erant 

rex-erant 

They  had  ruled. 

FUTURE   PERFECT 

Sing.  1. 

Perf.  Stem  +  ero 

rex-ero 

I  shall  have  rtded. 

2. 

"     +  eris 

rex-eris 

Thou  wilt  have  ruled. 

3. 

"     +  erit 

rex-erit 

He  will  have  ruled. 

Plur.  1. 

"        *'     +  erimus 

rex-erimus 

We  shall  have  ruled. 

2. 

"     +  eritis 

rex-eritis 

You  will  have  ruled. 

3. 

"     +  erint 

rex-erint 

They  will  have  ruled. 

Obs.  —  When  the  Subject  consists  of  two  or  more  Nouns  joined  by 

*  and,*  the  Verb  must  be  Plural ;  thus,  Puer  et  puella  canta-nt,  the  boy  and 
the  girl  sing.      When  the  Object  consists  of  two  or  more  Nouns  joined  by 

*  and,'  both  must  be  in  the  Accus. ;  thus,  Amo  puerum  et  puellam,  /  love 
the  boy  and  the  girl. 


CONSONANT   VERBS  37 


VOCABUIiABY 

Fili-us,  -1,  m.,  a  son.  lulia,  -ae,  f.,  Julia, 

Nunti-us,  1,  m.,  a  messenger.  Et,  and. 


EXERCISE   XI 

S.  O.  V.  T. 

1.  Regina  nuntios  non  mis-erat. 

2.  Pueri  epistolas  scrips-erunt. 

3.  Servus  puerum  et  puellam  dux-erit. 

4.  Puer  et  puella  donum  mis-erant. 

5.  Libros  et  epistolas  scrips-eramus. 

6.  Magister  filium  et  puellam  docu-it. 

7.  Eegina  et  lulia  dona  mitt-ent. 

8.  Hastam  et  sagittas  tene-bamus. 

9.  Puer  et  servus  aquam  time-nt. 

10.  Tela  et  sagittam  timu-istis. 

11.  Servos  et  nuntios  vocav-eratis. 

12.  Regina  et  lulia  epistolas  scrib-ent. 

1.  The  boys  and  the  girls  wrote  letters. 

2.  We  had  sent  a  slave  and  a  messenger. 

3.  The  queen  will  have  sent  arrows  and  spears. 

4.  The  slaves  had  led  the  boy  and  the  girl. 

5.  We  have  written  letters  and  books. 

6.  You  will  send  slaves  and  messengers. 

7.  The  girl  and  the  boy  were  calling  the  queen. 

8.  The  spears  wounded  the  queen  and  the  slave. 

9.  You  had  sent  books  and  gifts. 

iOr  Julia  and  the  girls  will  have  sung. 

11.  The  boys  are  holding  darts  and  arrows. 

12.  We  fear  the  master  and  the  queen. 


ADJECTIVES 


ADJECTIVES 

Adjectives  are  words  which  qualify  Nouns,  and  as 
Nouns  are  of  various  Genders,  Adjectives  are  declined  in 
different  forms  according  to  the  Gender. 

Adjectives  of  Three  Terminations  are  those  which  have 
one  form  for  the  Masculine  Gender,  another  for  the  Femi- 
nine, and  a  third  for  the  Neuter.     Thus  — 

The  Masculine  is  declined  like  a  Masculine  Noun  of  the  Second 
Declension. 

The  Feminine  is  declined  like  a  Feminine  Noun  of  the  First  Declension. 
The  Neuter  is  declined  like  a  Neuter  Noun  of  the  Second  Declension. 


Bu^\]S=good 


Singular 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fem. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

Bon-US 

bon-S 

bon-um 

Bon-i 

bon-ae 

bon-S 

Gen. 

Bon-i 

bon-ae 

bon-i 

Bon-6rum 

bon-arum 

bon-6rum 

Dat. 

Bon-6 

bon-ae 

bon-6 

Bon-is 

bon-is 

bon-is 

Ace. 

Bon-um 

bon-am 

bon-um 

Bon-OS 

bon-as 

bon-S 

Voc. 

Bon-e 

bon-S 

bon-um 

Bon-i 

bon-ae 

bon-S: 

Abl. 

Bon-6 

bon-a 

bon-6 

Bon-is 

bon-is 

bon-is 

Bonus  is  declined  in  the  Masculine  like  dominus,  in  the  Feminine  like 
mensa^  and  in  the  Neuter  like  belium. 


Rule  — An  Adjective  agrees  with  its  Noun  in  Gender, 
Number,  and  Case;  thus,  Regina  bona,  a  good  queen.  Re<jina  is 
Feminine  Nominative  Singular,  therefore  bona  must  also  be  Feminine 
Nominative  Singular  to  agree  with  reyina. 


ADJECTIVES  39 

VOCABULARY 

Magn-us,  -a,  -um,  great.  Me-us,  -a,  -um,  my,  mine. 

LoDg-us,  -a,  -uiil^  long.  Tu-us,  -a,  -um,  your  {thy,  thine). 

Parv-us,  -a,  -um,  small,  little.  Mult-us,  -a,  -um,  much,  many. 

EXERCISE   XII 

[N.  B.  —  lu  Latin  the  Adjective  generally  stands  after  the  Noun  which  it 
qualifies.  In  translating  from  Latin,  place  the  Adjective  before  the 
Noun,  and  be  careful  to  use  good  English  always.] 

1.  Servi  mei  scrib-ent.  7.  Libros  longos  scrib-is. 

2.  Hasta  longa  terre-bat.  8.  Puellam  parvam  time-t. 

3.  Kegina  bona  lauda-t.  9.  Librum  parvum  tene-tis. 

4.  Filius  parvus  mis-erat.  10.  Dona  magna  mitt-es. 

5.  Hastas  longas  time-o.  11.  Sagittas  tuas  time-mus. 

6.  Pueros  meos  laudav-it.  12.  Servum  tuum  vocav-isti. 

13.  Filius  tuus  servum  meum  doce-bat. 

14.  Eegina  magna  libros  tuos  laudav-it. 

15.  Nuntius  epistolas  meas  tenu-it. 

16.  Dona  multa  et  epistolas  longas  mis-imus. 

17.  Amici  tui  f ilium  meum  docu-erant. 

18.  Libros  magnos  et  epistolas  longas  scrips-isti. 

1.  Your  son  has  written  a  long  letter. 

2.  My  slaves  had  led  the  little  girls. 

3.  We  shall  have  sent  great  books. 

4.  You  were  holding  arrows  and  long  spears. 

5.  The  queen  praised  my  gifts  and  your  letters. 

6.  The  little  girls  do  not  fear  the  water. 

7.  We  have  sent  many  slaves  and  messengers. 

8.  The  good  queen  will  praise  the  little  boys. 

9.  The  long  spear  has  not  wounded  my  slave. 

10.  Your  books  will  teach  the  boys  and  girls. 

11.  The  master  was  teaching  many  boys. 

12.  We  have  written  a  great  book  and  many  letters. 


40 


ADJECTIVES 


ADJECTIVES  —  continued 

Besides  Adjectives  in  -us,  -a,  -um,  there  are  others  of 
Three  Terminations  in  -er,  -a,  -um, 

NJfGER  =  hlacJc 


SiNGULAB 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

Niger 

nigr-a 

nigr-um 

Nigr-1 

nigr-ae 

nigr-a 

Gen. 

Nigr-i 

nigr-ae 

nigr-i 

Nigr-orum 

nigr-arum 

nigr-orum 

Dot. 

Nigr-6 

nigr-ae 

Digr-o 

Nigr-is 

nigr-is 

nigr-is 

Ace. 

Nigrum 

nigr-am 

nigr-um 

Nigr-6s 

nigr-as 

nigr-a 

Voc. 

Niger 

nigr-a 

nigr-um 

Nigr-i 

nigr-ae 

nigr-a 

Abl. 

Nigr-6 

nigr-a 

mgr-o 

Nigr-is 

mgr-is 

nigr-is 

TENEK  =  i^e7lC^er 


SlKGULAB 

Plural 

Masc. 

Fein.             Neut. 

Masc. 

Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom, 

Tener 

tener-a     tener-um 

Tener-1 

tener-ae 

tener-a 

Gen. 

Tener-i 

tener-ae    tener-i 

Tener-6rum  tener-arum  tener-6rum 

Dat. 

Tener-6 

tener-ae   tener-6 

Tener-is 

tener-is 

tener-is 

Ace. 

Tener-um  tener-am  tener-um 

Tener-6s 

tener-as 

tener-a 

Voc. 

Tener 

tener-a     tener-um 

Tener-i 

tener-ae 

tener-a 

Abl. 

Tener-6 

tener-a      tener-6 

Teuer-is 

tener-is 

tener-is 

Niger  is  declined  in  the  Masculine  like  magister,  and  drops  the  e. 

Tener  "  *'  puer,  and  keeps  the  e. 

Both  are  declined  in  the  Feminine  like  mensa,  and  in  the  Neuter  like 
bellum. 

N.  B.  —  Tuus    =  your,  when  speaking  to  one  person. 

Vester  =  your,  "  more  than  one  person. 

Always  use  '  tuus '  for  your^  unless  it  is  clear  that  more  than  one  person 
is  being  addressed. 


ADJECTIVES  41 


VOCABULARY 


Like  Niger.  Like  Tener. 

Pulcher,  -chra,  -cbrum,  beautiful.  Miser,  -a,  -um,  wretched. 

Vester,  -tra,  -trum,  your. 
Noster,  -tra,  -trum,  our. 

EXERCISE   XIII 
s.  o.  V.  T. 

1.  Pueri  parvi  servos  nigros  time-bant. 

2.  Servi  nostri  hastas  multas  tenu-erunt. 

3.  Kegina  nostra  pueros  bonos  lauda-bit. 

4.  Puellae  pulchrae  amicum  vestrum  dux-eriint. 

5.  Pueros  parvos  et  puellas  teneras  non  time-mus. 

6.  Eiliufa  meum  et  servos  vestros  docu-i. 

7.  Tela  niulta  et  hastas  longas  mis-isti. 

8.  Puella  pulchra  servum  miserum  duc-ebat. 

9.  Filii  nostri  dona  tua  lauda-bunt. 

10.  Amici  vestri  epistolas  multas  mitt-ent. 

11.  Magna  dona  et  libros  mnltos  mis-eratis. 

12.  Pueri  parvi  epistolas  parvas  scrib-unt. 

1.  Our  sons  were  calling  your  slaves. 

2.  The  black  slaves  feared  the  long  spears. 

3.  We  praised  the  beautiful  girl  and  the  little  boy. 

4.  You  (sing.)  will  teach  your  son  and  our  slaves. 

5.  The  good  queen  had  sent  many  messengers. 

6.  Our  friends  write  many  books  and  long  letters. 

7.  We  shall  have  called  our  slaves. 

8.  Our  spears  wounded  the  wretched  queen. 

9.  You  (pi.)  will  have  praised  our  friends. 

10.  The  little  boys  will  praise  the  beautiful  gifts. 

11.  You  (sing.)  had  sent  your  son  and  my  friend. 

12.  The  tender  boys  and  the  slaves  did  not  fight. 


42 


I-VERBS 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION:  I-VERBS 

Verbs  whose   Present    Stem  ends  in  ^  belong  to  the 
Fourth  Conjugation. 

Example  —  Audi-re,  to  hear 

Present  Stem,  audi-,  Perfect  Stem,  audiv-. 

ACTIVE  VOICE 
Tenses  formed  from  the  Present  Stem  audi- 


PBESENT 


Sinj^.  1 


Plur 


Formation 


Pres.  Stem  +  o 

"     +  s 


+  t 

-f  mus 
-ftis 
-hunt 


audi-6  p,16,06s.l 

audi-s 

audi-t 

audi-mus 

audi-tis 

audi-unt 


English 


/  hear. 

Thoit  hearest. 
He  hears. 
We  hear. 
You  hear. 
They  hear. 


IMPERFECT 


Sing.  1 
2 
3 

riur.  1 
2 
3 


Pres.  Stem  +  ebam 
"        "     -f  ebas 
"     +  ebat 
"        "     -f  ebamus 
"        **     +  ebatis 
'*        "     -f  ebant 


audi-ebam 

audi-ebas 

audi-ebat 

audi-ebanius 

audi-ebatis 

audi-ebant 


I  ivas  hearing. 
Thou  wast  hearing. 
He  was  hearing. 
We  were  hearing. 
You  were  hearing. 
Theij  were  hearing. 


FUTURE    SIMPLE 


Sing.  1. 

Pres.  Ste 

2. 

((         i( 

3. 

U                It 

Plur.  1. 

it        tt 

2. 

{(        « 

3. 

-hes 
-f  et 
-hemus 
-1-etis 
-fent 


audi-am 

audi-es 

audi-et 

audi-emus 

audi-etis 

audi-ent 


I  shall  {or  will) 
Thou  wilt 
He  will 

We  shall  {or  will) 
You  will 
They  will 


Observe  that  in  the  Imperfect  and  Future  the  Personal  Endings  are 
the  same  as  those  of  the  Third  Conjugation,  but  in  the  Present  they 
are  slightly  different. 


I-VERBS  43 

VOCABULARY 

Verbs  of  the  Fourth  Conjugation  like  audio 

Erudi-d,  I  instruct.  Funi-o,  I  punish. 

Impedi-o,  /  hinder.  Mur-us,  -i,  m.,  a  wall. 

EXERCISE   XIV 
8.  o.  V.  T. 

1.  Amicus  bonus  f ilium  meum  erudi-t. 

2.  Muri  magni  nuntios  nostros  impedi-ebant. 

3.  Magister  noster  pueros  non  puni-et. 

4.  Servos  nostros  et  f ilium  tuum  erudi-mus. 

5.  Regina  pulchra  servum  miserum  non  puni-t. 

6.  Murus  magnus  et  aqua  nuntium  impedi-ent.       .., 

7.  Tela  multa  et  hastam  longam  tenuristis. 

8.  Amici  nostri  libros  multos  scrips-erunt. ' 

9.  Puella  pulchra  magna  dona  laudav-erit. 

10.  Magister  bonus  filios  tuos  puni-ebat. 

11.  Sagittas  et  hastas  longas  timu-imus.   ^ 

12.  Puellas  teneras  et  pueros  parvos  erudi-tis. 

1.  The  long  spears  were  hindering  the  little  boys. 

2.  Good  masters  will  instruct  our  sons. 

3.  The  great  queen  does  not  punish  the  slaves. 
4  You  do  not  instruct  the  boys  and  girls. 

5.  The  great  wall  hinders  our  messengers. 

6.  Many  arrows  had  wounded  the  wretched  queen. 

7.  Our  friends  will  praise  our  letters. 

8.  The  tender  girls  did  not  fear  the  darts. 

9.  Our  letters  will  instruct  the  little  girl. 

10.  We  shall  have  sent  books  and  many  gifts. 

11.  The  beautiful  girls  were  holding  the  books. 

12.  I  shall  punish  my  son  and  your  slaves. 


44 


I-VERBS 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION:    I-YETIBS ^ continued 

AuDi-RE,  to  hear 
Present  Stem^  audi-,  Perfect  Stem,  audiv-. 

ACTIVE   VOICE 

Tenses  formed  from  the  Perfect  Stem  audTV- 

The  Perfect  Stem  of  a  regular  Verb  of  the  Fourth 
Conjugation  may  be  found  by  adding  v  to  the  Present 
Stem;  thus  — 

Present  Stem,  audi-,  Perfect  Stem,  audiv-. 

[The  Personal  Endings  are  the  same  in  all  Conjugations.] 


PERFECT    AND    AORIST 

Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing.  I. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pf.Stem  +  i 
"      -fisti 
"      +it 
"       -f  imus 
"      -histis 
"      -f  erunt 
or  -h  ere 

audiv-1 

audiv-isti 

audiv-it 

audiv-imus 

audiv-istis 

audiv-erunt 

or  audiv-ere 

Perfect 

Aorist 

/  have       \ 
Thou  hast 
He  has 
We  have 
You  have 
They  have. 

.r 

2. 

/  heard. 

Thou  didst  hear. 
He  heard. 
We  heard. 
You  heard. 
They  heard. 

PLUPERFECT 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pf.  Stem  -f  eram 
"        -f  eras 
"       -f  erat 
"       +  eramus 
"        -f  eratis 
-f  erant 

audiv-eram 

audiv-eras 

audiv-erat 

audiv-eramus 

audiv-eratis 

audiv-erant 

I  had  heard. 
Thou  hadst  heard. 
He  had  heard. 
We  had  heard. 
You  had  heard. 
They  had  heard. 

FUTURE   PERFECT 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pf .  Stem  +  ero 
+  eris 
+  erit 
"        -f  erimus 
*'        +  eritis 
-f  erint 

audiv-ero 

audiv-eris 

audiv-erit 

audiv-erimus 

audiv-eritis 

audiv-erint 

I  shall  have  heard. 
Thou  wilt  have  heard. 
He  will  have  heard. 
We  shall  have  heard. 
You  will  have  heard. 
They  will  have  heard. 

KuLB  —  The  Genitive  Case  is  used  to  denote  Possession. 

It  shows  to  whom  a  thing  belongs;  thus,  Pueri  liber,  the  boy's  book,  or,  the 
book  of  the  boy. 


I-VEEBS  45 

VOCABTJIiARY 

Claud-o,  /  shut  (3),  Present  Stem,  claud-  Perfect  Stem,  claus- 

Frang-o,  /  break  (3),  "         frang-  "  freg-. 

Port-a,  -ae,  f.,  a  gate. 
Oppid-um,  -i,  n.,  a  town. 

I  /  EXERCISE  XV 

1.  Eeglnae  filius  pugna-t.       6.  Oppidi  portam  claud-es. 

2.  Servi  amicus  time-t.  7.  Pueri  hastas  freg-i. 

3.  Pueri  librum  tene-s.  8.  Eeginarum  iram  time-o. 

4.  Puellae  dona  laud-o.  9.  Magistri  f Ilium  due-it     - 

5.  Servorum  tela  vola-nt.  10.  Magistri  pueros  doce-nt. 

11.  Kegina  nostra  servos  vestros  puniv-erit. 

12.  Magistri  boni  pueros  multos  erudiv-erant^ 

13.  Sagittae  multae  et  hastae  impediv-erunt. 

14.  Amicus  tuus  dona  multa  mitt-et. 

15.  Servus  niger  oppidi  portas  claus-erit. 

16.  Eeginae  filios  et  servos  erudiv-isti. 

17.  Hastas  longas  et  sagittas  freg-eramus. 

18.  Muri  magni  nuntium  tuum  impediv-erant. 

1.  We  will  shut  the  great  gate  of  the  town. 

2.  The  sons  of  the  queen  had  broken  many  arrows. 

3.  The  wall  of  the  town  will  have  hindered  our  mes- 

senger. 

4.  You  have  praised  the  gifts  of  the  girls. 

5.  Our  friends  were  writing  a  great  book. 

6.  The  black  slave  was  leading  the  little  girl. 

7.  You  have  not  shut  the  gate  of  the  town. 

8.  The  slaves  held  many  arrows  and  spears. 

9.  We  will  instruct  the  little  son  of  the  slave. 

10.  The  queen's  friends  had  sent  the  messengers. 

11.  We  do  not  fear  the  slaves'  arrows. 

12.  You  have  broken  the  gates  and  the  great  wall. 


46 


THE   FOUR   CONJUGATIONS 


TABLE    OF   THE   FOUR   CONJUGATIONS 
ACTIVE   VOICE 


1 

Amo^ 
Moiie-o 
Reg-o 
Audi-o 

ama-s 
mone-s 
Teg-is 
audi-s 

ama-t2      ama-mus          ama-tis 
mone-t      mone-mus        mone-tis 
reg-it         reg-imus          reg-/tis 
audi-t        audi-mus          audi-tis 

ama-nt. 
mone-nt. 
reg-wnt. 
audi-unt. 

1 
1 

Ama- 
Mone- 
Reg- 
Audi- 

! 
1 

bam 
ebam 

bas        bat               bamus       batis 
ebas     ebat              ebamus     ebatis 

bant, 
ebant. 

t 

Ama- 
Mone- 
Reg- 

Audi- 

1 

b5 
am 

bis         bit                 biraus        bitis 
es         et                emus         etis 

bunt, 
ent. 

Amav- 
Monu- 
Rex- 
Audiv- 

1 
1 

i 

isti        it                  imus          istis 

erunt  or 
ere 

li 

Amav- 
Monii- 
Rex- 
Audiv- 

- 

eram 

eras       erat               eram  us     eratis 

erant. 

1 

Amav- 
Monu- 
Rex- 
Audiv- 

1 

ero 

eris       erit               erimus      eritis 

erint 

English 

Present.  —  /  love,  am  loving,  do  love,  etc. 

Imperfect.  —  1  was  loving,  etc. 

Future  Simple.  —  /  shall  or  will  love,  etc. 

Perfect.  —  I  have  loved,  etc. 

Aorist.  —  /  loved  or  did  love,  etc. 

Pluperfect.  — /  had  loved. 

Future  Perfect.  —  I  shall  or  will  have4oved. 


1  The  First  Person  Singular  Present  is  amo  for  amao. 

2  See  p.  16,  Obs.  1. 


THE   FOUR  CONJUGATIONS 


47 


BECAPITULATOKY 


Active  Voice,  Four  Conjugations 


1.  Erudiv-erant. 

2.  Pugna-s. 

3.  Scrips-erint. 

4.  Doce-s. 

5.  Mls-erunt. 

6.  Viilnera-t. 

7.  Eoga-bo. 

8.  Impedi-es. 

9.  Tenu-erat. 

10.  Vola-bant. 

11.  Timu-imus. 

12.  Salta-bis. 


13.  Dux-erimus. 

14.  Claus-eris. 

15.  Yocav-eras. 

16.  Mitt-unt. 

17.  Terre-tis. 

18.  Freg-istl. 

19.  Docu-eritis. 

20.  Vulnera-tis. 

21.  Frang-itis. 

22.  Erudi-emus. 

23.  Vocav-istis 

24.  Canta-banius. 


25.  Tene-nt. 

26.  Claud-ebatis. 

27.  Scrib-etis. 

28.  Mis-imus. 

29.  Lauda-bit. 

30.  Tenu-erain. 

31.  Terre-mus. 

32.  Scrib-am. 

33.  Claus-it. 

34.  Terru-ero. 

35.  Erudi-tis. 

36.  Puni-ent. 


1.  Thou  callest. 

2.  We  shall  hold. 

3.  You  were  leading. 

4.  They  will  have  sent. 

5.  I  had  feared. 

6.  Ye  are  teaching. 

7.  They  punish. 

8.  We  do  not  ask. 

9.  I  will  shut. 

10.  Thou  didst  send. 

11.  Ye  had  led. 

12.  Thou  wilt  have  held. 


13.  We  are  writing. 

14.  Ye  hinder. 

15.  We  have  broken. 

16.  Thou  fearest. 

17.  Ye  did  not  fear. 

18.  We  taught. 
19.'  I  shall  send. 

20.  Thou  dost  punish. 

21.  He  wounds. 

22.  Ye  were  praising. 

23.  Thou  wilt  hinder. 

24.  Thou  dost  lead. 


48 


NOUNS 


NOUNS 
THIRD   DECLENSION 

Nouns  whose  Genitive  Singular  ends  in  ^s  belong  to 
the  Third  Declension.  The  Nominative  ending  is  various, 
and  Nouns  of  all  three  Genders  belong  to  the  Third 
Declension. 

The  Third  Declension  has  two  divisions — 

1.  Nouns  which  increase;    that  is,  which  have  more 

syllables    in  the   Genitive   Singular  than  in  the 
Nominative  Singular.^ 

2.  Nouns  which  do  not  increase;   that  is,  which  have 

the    same    number   of  syllables    in  the   Genitive 
Singular  as  in  the  Nominative  Singular/^ 

I.  INCREASING   NOUNS 

Masculine  and  Feminine 


Singular 

Plural 

Norn. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 

liidex 

I  u  die-is 

liidic-i 

liidic-em 

liidex 

liidic-e 

a  judge  (m.) 
of  a  judge, 
to  or  for  a  judge, 
a  judge. 
0  judge, 
by,  with,  or  from 
a  judge. ^ 

liidic-es 

liidic-um 

liidic-ibus 

liidic-es 

liidic-es 

liidic-ibus 

judges, 
of  judges, 
to  or  for  judges, 
judges. 
0  judges, 
by,  with,  or  from 
judges.^ 

Norn. 

Gen. 

Dat. 

Ace. 

Voc. 

Abl. 

Virgo 

Virgin-is 

Virgin-i 

Virgin-em 

Virgo 

Virgin-e 

a  virgin  (/.) 
of  a  virgin, 
to  or  for  a  virgin, 
a  virgin. 
0  virgin, 
by,  with,  or  from 
a  virgin.^ 

Virgin-es 

Virgin-um 

Virgin-ibus 

Virgin-es 

Virgin-es 

Virgin-ibus 

virgins, 
of  virgins, 
to  or  for  virgins, 
virgins. 
0  virgins, 
by,  with,  or  from 
virgins.^ 

Observe  that  the  Nominative  and  Vocative  Singular  is  index,  but 
that  air  the  other  cases  are  formed  by  adding  certain  endings  to  the  stem 
iudic-;  this  stem  is  found  by  taking  away  -is  from  the  Genitive  Singular. 

1  These  are  called  Imparisyllabic.  2  These  are  called  Parisyllabic. 

8  Require  a  Preposition  for  this  meaning. 


NOUNS  49 

VOCABULAIIY 

Words  of  the  Third  Declension 
Decline  — 

Rex,  regis,  m.,  a  king.  Miles,  milit-is,  m.,  a  soldier. 

Vox,  voc-is,  f.,  a  voice.  Leo,  leou-is,  m.,  a  lion, 

EXERCISE   XVI 

1.  ludic-es  scrib-ebanj}.  7.  Vox  reg-is  terre-t. 

2.  Mllit-em  timu-imus.  8.  Puer  leon-em  time-t. 

3.  Eeg-es  pugnav-erunt.  9.  Milit-es  pugnav-erant. 

4.  Keg-is  voc-em  audi-o.  10.  Eeg-um  filios  doce-s. 

5.  Leon-es  time-bis.  11.  Virgin-em  lauda-bas. 

6.  Eeg-em  vocav-isti.  12.  ludic-es  puni-ent. 

13.  Milit-es  voc-em  reg-is  non  audiv-erunt. 

14.  Pueri  parvi  leon-em  vulnerav-erant. 

15.  Milit-um  hastas  longas  freg-imus. 

16.  Eeg-is  amici  nuntios  multos  mis-erant. 

17.  Puella  tenera  leon-is  voc-em  time-bat. 

18.  Vox  tua  pueros  parvos  terru-it. 

1.  The  soldiers  will  fight.         6.  The  judges  punish. 

2.  The  kings  had  praised.         7.  I  praised  the  virgin. 

3.  We  heard  a  voice.  8.  I  call  the  king's  slaves. 

4.  You  feared  the  lions.  9.  The  judge's  son  sings. 

5.  Thou  lovest  the  king.  10.  You  taught  kings. 

11.  The  sons  of  the  king  had  written  many  letters. 

12.  The  judges  punished  the  slaves  and  the  soldiers. 

13.  The  boys'  spears  had  wounded  the  lion. 

14.  Your  voice  will  frighten  the  little  girls. 

15.  The  soldiers  did  not  fear  the  spears  of  the  slaves. 

16.  We  do  not  hear  the  voice  of  the  virgins. 

17.  The  king  and  the  queen  will  praise  the  soldiers. 


50 


NOUNS 


THIRD  DECLENSION -confrnwecf 

I.  INCREASING  NOUNS 

Np]UTER 

Eemember  that  all  Neuter  Nouns  have  Nominative, 
Vocative,  and  Accusative  alike,  and  that  in  the  Plural  the 
Nominative,  Vocative,  and  Accusative  end  in  d. 


Singular 

Plural 

Nom. 

N5men 

a  name  {n.). 

Nomin-a 

names. 

Gen. 

N6min-is 

of  a  name. 

Nomin-um 

of  names. 

Out. 

Nomin-i 

to  or  for  a  name. 

Nomin-ibus 

to  or  for  names. 

Ace. 

Nomen 

a  name. 

N6min-a 

names. 

Voc. 

No  men 

0  name. 

N6min-a 

0  names. 

Abl. 

Nomin-e 

b'/,  with,  or  from 
a  name. 

Nomin-ibus 

by,  with,  or  from 
names. 

Nom. 

Opus 

work  (n.) 

Oper-a 

works. 

Gen. 

Op6r-is 

of  work. 

Oper-um 

of  works. 

Dat. 

Oper-i 

to  or  for  work. 

Oper-ibus 

to  or  for  works. 

Ace. 

Opus 

work. 

Oper-a 

works. 

Voc. 

Opus 

0  work. 

Oper-a 

0  works. 

Abl. 

Oper-e 

by,  with,  or  from 
work. 

Oper-ibus 

by,  with,  or  from 
works. 

Obs.  —  In  making  an  Adjective  like  bonus  or  niger  agree  with  a  Noun 
of  the  Third  Declension,  remember  that  the  Adjective  is  declined  like  tlie 
Second  or  First  Declension  while  the  Noun  is  of  the  Third  Declension, 
therefore  the  endings  of  the  Adjective  will  not  always  be  the  same  as  those 
of  the  Noun ;  thus,  Reges  boni,  good  kings. 

Decline  together  Rex  mdgnus  —  vox  tua  —  onus  parvum. 

Obs. — Rules  for  gender  and  certain  other  features  of  Third  Declension 
Nouns  are  deferred  for  later  study. 


NOUNS  61 

VOCABULARY 

Neuter  words  of  the  Third  Declension 
Decline  — 

Carmen,  carmin-is,  n.,  a  song.  Onus,  on6r-is,  n.,  a  burden. 

Flumen,  flumin-is,  a  river. 

EXERCISE   XVII 
S.  ♦  o.  V.  T. 

1.  Puellae  pulchrae  carmin-a  multa  canta-bant. 

2.  Flumen  magnum  milit-es  nostros  terre-bit. 

3.  Eeg-is  servi  onus  magnum  timu-erunt. 

4.  ludic-es  boni  milit-em  miserum  puni-ent. 

5.  Milit-es  nostri  portas  magnas  claus-erunt. 

6.  Eeg-em  magnum  et  reginam  ama-bimus. 

7.  riumina  magna  nuntios  meos  impediv-erant. 

8.  Virgin-es  pulchrae  carmen  longum  canta-nt. 

9.  ludic-is  boni  voc-em  audi-emus. 

10.  Milit-um  multorum  hastas  freg-eratis. 

11.  Virgo  tenera  onus  magnum  tene-bat. 
12.'  Servi  nostri  onera  magna  porta-bant. 

1.  The  great  kings  punished  the  wretched  slaves. 

2.  We  heard  the  voices  of  many  soldiers. 

3.  Your  voice  will  frighten  the  son  of  the  queen. 

4.  The  king  and  the  queen  praised  the  good  judge. 

5.  You  heard  the  songs  of  the  beautiful  girls. 

6.  Many  soldiers  were  holding  arrows  and  spears. 

7.  The  great  river  will  hinder  our  slaves. 

8.  We  had  led  the  little  son  of  the  great  king. 

9.  The  son  of  the  good  judge  writes  many  books. 

10.  The  slaves  had  shut  the  great  gates  of  our  town. 

11.  The  good  king  praised  the  song  of  the  girls. 

12.  The  little  boys  feared  the  voice  of  the  great  lion. 


52  NOUNS 

THIRD   DECLENSION  — cowa'nwe^f 

II.   NOT-INCREASING  NOUNS 

Nouns  that  do  not  increase  (see  p.  48)  form  their 
Genitive  Plural  in  -ium  instead  of  -um}  In  all  the  other 
Cases  the  endings  are  the  same  as  those  of  Increasing 
Nouns. 

Feminine 


SlNQULAB 

Plueal 

i 

Nom. 

Ov-is 

a  sheep  (/.). 

Ov-es 

sheep. 

Gen. 

Ov-is 

of  a  sheep. 

Ov-ium 

of  sheep. 

Dat. 

Ov-i 

to  07^  for  a  sheep. 

Ov-ibus 

to  or  for  sheep. 

Ace. 

Ov-em 

a  sheep. 

Ov-es 

sheep. 

Voc. 

Ov-is 

0  sheep. 

Ov-es 

0  sheep. 

Ahl. 

Ov-e 

hi/,   with,  or  from 
a  sheep. 

Ov-ibus 

by,  with,   or  from 
sheep. 

In  many  parisyllabic  Masculine  and  Feminine  Nouns  the  Accusative 
Case  Plural  has  also  the  ending  -Is.  Compare  this  with  the  Genitive 
Singular  ending  -is. 

Neuter 


Singular 

Plural 

Nom. 

Mar-e 

the  sea  (n.). 

Mar-ia 

seas. 

Gen. 

Mar-is 

of  the  sea. 

Mar-i  am 

of  seas. 

Dat. 

Mar-T 

to  or  for  the  sea. 

Mar-ibus 

to  or  for  seas. 

Ace. 

Mar-e 

the  sea. 

Mar-ia 

seas. 

Voc. 

Mar-e 

0  sea. 

Mar-ia 

0  seas. 

Ahl. 

Mar-i  2 

hi/,   with,    or  from 
the  sea. 

Mar-ibus 

by,   with,    or 
seas. 

from 

Decline  together  Avis  parva,  mare  mdynum. 


1  The  rule  is  here  given  absolutely,  to  avoid  confusion.  Wherever  in  the 
following  exercises  exceptional  Nouns  have  been  used,  the  Genitive  Plural  has 
been  avoided. 

2  All  Neuter  Nouns  of  the  Third  Declension  with  Nominative  Case  ending 
in  e,  al,  ar,  have  I  (not  e)  in  Ablative. 


NOUNS  53 

VOCABULARY 

Words  of  the  Third  Declension,  Genitive  Plural  -ium 

Av-is,  -is,  f.,  a  bird.  Host-is,  -is,  m.,  an  enemy}- 

Nav-is,  -is,  f.,  a  ship, 

Vinc-o,  /  conquer  (3),       Present  Stem,  vine-.       Perfect  Stein,  vie-. 

EXERCISE    XVIII 

S.  O.  V.  T. 

1.  Kegis  milites  hastes  multos  vic-erunt. 

2.  Keglna  nostra  navem  magnam  mitt-et. 

3.  Oves  tenerae  leonem  magnum  time-bant. 

4.  Hostium  sagittae  regem  vestrum  vulnera-nt. 

5.  Avis  parva  vocem  tuam  timu-erat. 

6.  Avium  par  varum  carmina  audiv-imus. 

7.  Naves  niagnas  et  milites  multos  due-is. 

8.  Kegis  fllius  hostium  tela  non  timu-it. 

9.  Mare  magnum  puellas  multas  terre-t. 

10.  Militum  tela  muros  nostros  non  frang-ent. 

11.  Epistolas  longas  et  libros  multos  scrips-i. 

12.  Keginae  filius  aves  teneras  voca-bat. 

1.  The  queen's  ships  will  frighten  our  enemies. 

2.  The  girls  heard  the  voice  of  the  little  birds. 

3.  We  do  not  fear  the  great  ship  of  our  enemies. 

4.  The  darts  of  the  soldiers  wounded  many  slaves. 

5.  Our  enemies  will  not  conquer  the  king's  soldiers. 

6.  The  little  boy  was  holding  a  beautiful  bird. 

7.  Your  arrows  have  wounded  the  tender  sheep. 

8.  We  praise  the  voices  of  the  beautiful  virgins. 

9.  You  had  broken  the  spears  of  many  soldiers. 

10.  The  ships  of  the  enemy  frightened  our  slaves. 

11.  You  have  not  shut  the  great  gates  of  your  town. 

12.  The  sons  of  the  judges  do  not  fear  the  great  sea, 

1  Hostis  may,  of  course,  be  Feminine. 


54 


THE   VERB    '^SUM" 


THE   VERB    "SUM" 

Present  Stem,  6s-,  Perfect  Stem,  fu-. 

The  Verb  sum  belongs  to  none  of  the  Four  Conjuga- 
tions, and  is  irregular  in  Present  Stem  Tenses. 

[Be  especially  careful  of  Pronunciation.] 


Present 

Perfect  and  Aorist 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.   1. 

2. 

3. 

sum,          /  am. 
es.              Thou  art. 
est,            He  is. 
sumus.       We  are. 
estis.          You  are. 
sunt,          They  are. 

fu-i              I  have  been.         I  was. 
fu-isti.        Thou  hast  been.    Thou  wast. 
fu-it,            He  has  been.        He  was. 
fu-imus,     We  have  been.      We  were. 
fu-istis,       You  have  been.     You  were. 
fu-erunt,   They  have  been.  They  were, 
or  fu-ere 

Imperfect 

Pluperfect 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

eram,        /  ivas. 
eras.          Thou  wast. 
erat,          He  was. 
eramus,     We  were. 
eratis,        You  were. 
erant.        They  were. 

fu-eram,           /  had  been. 
f u-er5s,              Thou  hadst  been. 
fu-erat,              He  had  been. 
fu-eramus,        We  had  been, 
fu-eratis.          You  had  been. 
fu-erant,           They  had  been. 

Future 

Future  Perfect 

Sing,  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

ero,           /  shall  be. 
eris,           Thou  wilt  be. 
erit            He  will  be. 
erimus,      We  shall  be. 
eritis.        You  will  be. 
erunt,        They  will  be. 

fu-ero,               /  shall  have  been. 
fu-eris.               Thou  wilt  have  been. 
fu-erit,               He  will  have  been. 
fu-erimus,        We  shall  have  been. 
fu-eritis.           You  will  have  been. 
fu-erint,             Tliey  will  have  been. 

The  Verb  sum  is  a  Copulative  Verb,  that  is,  it  joins  the  Subject  to 
another  word  which  may  be  a  Noun  or  an  Adjective,  and  is  called  the 
Complement.  A  Noun  Complement  is  often  called  a  Predicate  Nominative. 
An  Adjective  Complement  is  often  called  a  Predicate  Adjective.  See 
pages  1  and  3. 

Rule  — The  Complement  agrees  with  the  Subject. 
s.  v.c.       c. 

Regina  est      bona  =  the  queen  is  good. 

Here  bona  is  a  Predicate  Adjective,  and  is  Nominative  Case  Singular  and 
Feminine  Gender,  to  agree  with  rer/lna. 

[In  the  Analysis  V.  C.  =  Verb  Copulative,  C.  =  Complement.] 


THE   VERB    ''SUM' 


55 


VOCABULARY 


Dur-us,  -a  -um,  hard, 
Timid-US,  -a,  -um,  timid. 
DeDS-us,  -a,  -um,  thick. 


Alt-US,  -a,  -um,  high,  deep. 
Aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  sick. 


EXERCISE   XIX 


s.       v.c.        c. 

1.  Puella  est  pulchra. 

2.  Aves  erant  pulchrae. 

3.  Servus  erit  nuntius. 

4.  Rex  fu-it  timidus. 

5.  Telum  fu-erat  durum. 

6.  Avis  fu-erit  parva. 

7.  Reges  sunt  magni. 

8.  Muri  erunt  alti. 

9.  Oves  fu-erunt  parvae. 

19.  Filius  servi  tui  est  nuntius  noster. 

20.  Milites  reginae  nostrae  sunt  multi. 

21.  Portae  oppidi  vestri  erant  magnae. 


s.        v.c.      c. 

10.  Filius  erat  bonus. 

11.  Portae  fu-erint  densae. 

12.  Hostes  fu-erant  multi. 

13.  Amici  sunius. 

14.  Milites  estis. 

15.  Miseri  eritis. 

16.  Aegri  fu-istis. 

17.  Servus  eris. 


18.  Regina  fu-eras. 


1.  The  king  was  sick. 

2.  The  boys  were  small. 

3.  The  ships  are  great. 

4.  The  gifts  will  be  many. 

5.  Your  son  is  a  slave. 

6.  We  had  been  friends. 


7.  You  will  have  been  sick. 

8.  We  are  not  soldiers. 

9.  The  ships  were  black. 

10.  You  have  been  a  king. 

11.  The  letter  will  be  long. 

12.  We  are  the  king's  sons. 


13.  The  friends  of  the  queen  are  the  enemies  of  the  king. 

14.  The  gates  of  the  great  town  will  be  high. 

15.  The  spears  of  our  soldiers  were  hard. 

16.  The  sons  of  the  good  judges  have  been  soldiers. 

17.  The  enemies  of  your  king  were  many. 

18.  The  son  of  your  friend  had  been  our  slave 


56 


A-VERBS 


FIRST   CONJUGATION:   A-VBRBS 

Ama-re,  to  love 

Pres.  Stem,  ama-,  Per/.  Stem,  amav-,  Suj).  Stem,  amat-. 

PASSIVE  VOICE 

Tenses  formed  from  Present  Stem  Ama- 


PRESENT 

Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  Stem  +  or 
"     -hris 
"     +tur 
"        "     +mur 
"        "     +  mini 
"        "     +ntur 

am-or  i 

ama-ris 

ama-tur 

ama-mur 

ama-mini 

ama-ntur 

I  am  loved. 
Thou  art  loved. 
He  is  loved. 
We  are  loved. 
You  are  loved. 
They  are  loved. 

IMPERFECT 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  Stem -h  bar 
"     +baris 
"     +batur 
"     +bamur 
"        "     +bamini 
'*        "     +bantur 

ama-bar 

ama-baris 

ama-batur 

ama-bamur 

ama-bamini 

ama-bantur 

I  was  being  loved. 
Thou  wast  being  loved. 
He  was  being  loved. 
We  were  being  loved. 
You  were  being  loved. 
They  were  being  loved. 

FUTURE    SIMPLE 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  Stem  +  bor 
"        "     +bgris 

"     +bitur 
"        "     4-bimur 

"     +bimini 
"        *'     H-buntur 

ama-bor 

ama-bgris 

ama-bitur 

ama-bimur 

ama-bimini 

ama-buntur 

I  shall  be  loved. 
Thou  wilt  be  loved. 
He  will  be  loved. 
We  shall  be  loved. 
You  will  be  loved. 
They  will  be  loved. 

'^    [Each  of  the  above  Tenses  has  another  form  for  the  Second  Person 
Singular,  viz.  Pres.  amd-re,  Iraperf.  amd-bdre,  Fut.  amd-b^re.] 

^^  B. —  Only  Transitive  Verbs  have  a  complete  Passive  Voice,  but 
wEen  turned  into  the  Passive  Voice  they  become  Intransitive,  and 
cannot  therefore  have  an  Object. 


1  Am-or  is  for  ama-or,  just  as  the  Active  am~d  is  for  ama-o. 


A-VERBS  57 

VOCABULARY 

Porto,  I  carry  (1).  Culp5,  I  blame  (1). 

Monstro,  /  show,  point  out  (1).  Turr-is,  -is,  f.,  a  tower. 

EXERCISE    XX 


1. 

Lauda-bitur. 

7. 

Vulnera-bamim. 

2. 

Culpa-bamur. 

8. 

Aqua  porta-bitur. 

3. 

Onus  porta-tur. 

9. 

Non  culpa-mur. 

4. 

Puerl  culpa-ntuE. 

10. 

Vulnera-bimini. 

5. 

Non  voca-beris. 

11. 

Rex  monstra-batufi 

6.  Monstra-bimtur.  12.  Voca-baQs. 

13.  Filii  tui!e|  amicus  noster  lauda-buntur. 

14.  Turres  altae  oppidi  nostri  monstra-ntur. 

15.  Milites  multi  hastas  et  sagittas  freg-erant. 

16.  Naves  regis  nostri  hostem  timidum  terre-bunt. 

17.  ludic-is  filius  et  servus  mens  culpa-bantur. 

18.  Puellae  timidae  leonem  magnum  timu-erunt. 


[Remember  that  The  Active  Voice  is  used  wlien  the  person  denoted  by 

the  Subject  does  something ; 
The  Passive  Voice  is  used  when  the  person  denoted  by  the  Subject 

has  something  done  to  it. 
Thus,  The  hoy  calls  (Active) ;  the  boy  is  called  (Passive).] 

1.  We  are  blamed.  7.  The  voice  is  praised. 

2.  You  were  being  praised.  8.  The  boy  is  calling. 

3.  They  will  be  carried.  9.  The  girls  are  called. 

4.  Thou  art  not  fearing.  10.  You  will  be  blamed. 

5.  We  were  singing.  11.  Thou  art  singing. 

6.  He  was  being  blamed.  12.  We  were  being  called. 

13.  The  great  burdens  of  our  slaves  were  being  carried. 

14.  The  voice  of  the  beautiful  virgin  will  be  praised. 

15.  The  timid  soldiers  of  the  king  are  not  praised. 

16.  The  gates  and  the  towers  of  the  town  will  be  shown. 

17.  You  are  blaming  the  friends  of  the  good  judges. 

18.  The  letters  and  books  of  your  friend  will  be  shown. 


58  A-VERBS 

FIRST    CONJUGATION  :    A-VERBS  —  continued 

Ama-re,  to  love 

Pres.  Stem,  ama-,  Per/.  Stem,  amav-,  Sup.  Stem,  amat-. 

PASSIVE  VOICE 

Tenses  formed  from  Supine  Stem  Amat- 

These  Tenses  are  made  up  of  the  Participle  amdt-us  and 
Tenses  of  sum. 

The  Supine  Stem  of  a  regular  Verb  of  thj  First  Conju- 
gation is  found  by  adding  t  to  the  Present  Stem. 


PERFECT    AND    AORIST 

FOEMATION 

Example 

English 

Sing.  1. 

Sup.  St.  +  US  sum 

amat-us  sum 

Perfect 

Aorist 

7  have  been 

/  was        ^ 

2. 

*'       +  us  es 

amat-us  es 

Thou  hast  been 

Thou  wast 

3. 

"       +  us  est 

amat-us  est 

He  has  been 

o 

He  was 

Plur.  1. 

"       +  i  sumus 

am  at-i  sumus 

We  have  been 

a- 

We  were 

r  ^ 
.^ 

2. 

"       +iestis 

amat-i  estis 

You  have  been 

You  were 

3. 

"       +isunt 

amat-i  sunt 

They  have  been^ 

They  were^ 

The  Participle  used  in  forming  the  Tenses  of  the  Supine  System  has 
three  Terminations  for  the  three  Genders,  like  an  Adjective  ending  in 
-MS,  -a,  -um,  and  it  must,  like  an  Adjective,  agree  in  Gender  and  Number 
with  the  Subject  of  the  Verb ;  thus  — 

j  Masculine,  Puer  amat-us  est  =  the  boy  was  loved. 
Sing.  J  Feminine,    Virg5  amat-a  est  =  the  virgin  was  loved. 

\^Neuter,        Nomen  amat-um  est  =  the  name  was  loved. 

I  Masculine,  Pueri  amat-i  sunt  =  the  boys  were  loved. 
Plur.  J  Feminine,   Virgines  amat-ae  sunt  =  the  virgins  were  loved. 
^Neuter,        Nomina  amat-S,  sunt  =  the  names  were  loved. 


A-VERBS  59 

VOCABULARY 
Lex,  leg-is,  f.,  a  law.  Lapis,  lapid-is,  m.,  a  stone, 

EXERCISE    XXI 

V.  p.  s.  s.  V.  p. 

1.  Laudat-1  estis.  6.  Virgo  vocat-a  est. 

2.  Naves  monstrat-ae  sunt.  7.  Milites  sunt  timidi. 

3.  Onus  portat-um  est.  8.  Vulnerat-us  sum. 

4.  Eeges  culpat-i  sigit.  9.  Oppidum  est  magnum. 

5.  Yulnerat-i  siimus.  10.  Kegis  filii  estis. 

11.  Leges  bonae  regum  nostrorum  laudat-ae  sunt. 

12.  Portae  altae  oppidi  magni  monstrat-ae  sunt. 

13.  Eeginae  filius  parvus  vulnerat-us  est. 

14.  Opus  puellarum  pulchrarum  laudat-um  est. 

15.  Flumina  multa  hostem  nostrum  impedi-ent. 

16.  Milites  multos  et  naves  magnas  mis-isti. 

17.  Carmina  virginis  pulchrae  laudat-a  sunt. 

18.  Milites  multi  et  rex  magnus  vulnerat-i  sunt. 

[N.  B.  —  'I  was  loved  '  is  the  Aorist  Passive. 

*  I  was  being  loved '  is  the  Imperfect  Passive. 

*  I  was  loving  '  is  the  Imperfect  Active.] 

1.  You  were  called.  6.  We  were  being  called. 

2.  We  were  blamed.  7.  Boys  were  fighting. 

3.  The  work  was  praised.  8.  Kings  were  wounded. 

4.  The  girl  has  been  called.  9.  The  voice  was  praised. 

5.  The  girls  were  beautiful.  10.  Spears  were  carried. 

11.  The  song  of  the  beautiful  virgins  was  praised 

12.  The  great  ships  of  our  kings  were  shown. 

13.  The  soldiers  of  the  good  queen  have  been  wounded. 

14.  The  messengers  of  the  judges  will  be  blamed. 

15.  The  great  stones  of  the  walls  were  being  shown. 

16.  We  do  not  fear  the  ships  and  soldiers  of  the  enemy. 

17.  You  have  written  many  letters  and  many  books. 

18.  The  gifts  of  the  little  boys  were  praised. 


60 


A-VERBS 


FIRST   CONJUGATION:  A-YEUBS  —  continued 

Ama-ke,  to  looe 

Pies.  Stem,  ama-,  Perf.  Stem,  amav-,  Sup.  Stem,  amat-. 

PASSIVE    VOICE 

Tenses  formed  from  the  Supine  Stem  Amat- 


PLUPERFECT 

Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Sup.  St.-f  us  eram 
"        +US  eras 
"        -f-  us  erat 
**        +  i  eramus 
"       4-  i  eratis 
**       -fi  erant 

amat-us  eram 
amat-us  eras 
amat-us  erat 
amat-i  eramus 
amat-i  eratis 
amat-i  erant 

/  had  been  loved. 
Thou  hadst  been  loved. 
He  had  been  loved. 
We  had  been  loved. 
You  had  been  loved. 
They  had  been  loved. 

j:,  FUTURE   P^IRFECT 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
riur.l. 

2. 

3. 

Sup.  St.  +  us  ero 
"       +  us  eris 
"       -f  us  erit 
"       +  i  erimus 
"       +  i  eritis 
"       -f  i  erunt 

amat-us  ero 
amat-us  eris 
amat-us  erit 
amat-i  erimus 
amat-i  eritis 
amat-i  erunt 

I  shall  have  been  loved. 
Thou  wilt  have  been  loved. 
He  will  have  been  loved. 
We  shall  have  been  loved. 
You  will  have  been  loved. 
They  will  have  been  loved. 

Ablatives  of  Instrument  and  of  Agent. 

The  Thing  with  which  an  act  is  done  is  called  the  Instrument  or 
Means,  and  is  put  in  the  Ablative  Case ;  tims,  in  Vulneratus  est  sagittis 
=  he  was  wounded  with  (or  by)  arrows,  sagittis  is  Ablative  of  Instru- 
ment or  Means. 

The  Person  by  whom  an  act  is  done  is  called  the  Agent,  and  when  the 
verb  is  Passive,  the  Agent  is  put  in  the  Ablative  Case  with  the  Preposi- 
tion a  or  ab;  thus,  in  Vulneratus  est  a  milite  =  ^e  was  ivounded  by  a 
soldier,  nnlite  is  Ablative  of  Agent.  • 

Rule  —  Instrument  or  Means  is  expressed  by  the  Ablative 
■without  a  Preposition. 

Rule  —  Personal  Agent  with  a  Passive  Verb  is  expressed  by 
the  Ablative  with  the  Preposition  *  a '  or  *  ab.' 

Thus,  '  By  '  or  *  with '  a  Thing  :=  Ablative  only. 

' By '  a  Person  or  Animal—  Ablative  with  '  a '  or  ' ab.* 


A-VERBS  61 

VOCABULARY 

Oppugno,  I  attack  (1).  Aedifico,  I  build  (1). 

EXERCISE    XXII 

[N.B.  —  d  and  ab  both  mean  *by/  but  a  is  used  before  consonants, 
ab  before  vowels  and  h.] 

1.  Virgines  pulch^ae  a  rege  magno  laudat-ae  sunt. 

2.  Milites  multi  sagittis  vestris  vulnerat-i  eraiit. 

3.  Onera  inulta  a  servis  miserls  portat-a  eruiit. 

4.  Flumen  altura  a  militibus  moiistrat-um  erat. 

5.  Hastis  et  sagittis  hostium  vulnerat-i  eramus. 

6.  Ab  araicTs  reginae  bonae  culpat-us  eris. 

7.  Milites  portas  lapide  magno  freg-erunt. 

8.  Leonem  magnum  sagittis  multis  vulnera-bamus. 

9.  Eegina  nostra  a  militibus  ainat-a  erat. 

10.  Avis  tenera  a  puero  lapide  vulnerat-a  est. 

11.  Carmina  multa  a  puellis  pulchris  canta-ntur. 

12.  Virgines  timidae  aquam  fluminis  timu-erunt. 

1.  The  good  boys  will  be  praised  by  the  masters. 

2.  The  king  has  been  wounded  by  the  arrows  of  the  slaves. 

3.  Your  books  had  been  praised  by  the  judges'  friends. 
4  The  tender  girl  had  been  wounded  by  a  great  stone. 

5.  Many  rivers  will  have  been  pointed  out  by  the  boys. 

6.  We  have  been  blamed  by  the  king  and  by  the  queen. 

7.  You  will  have  been  called  by  our  friends. 

8.  We  will  break  the  gates  of  the  town  with  our  spears. 

9.  You  have  frightened  the  timid  girls  with  your  voice. 

10.  Many  towns  were  attacked  by  the  soldiers. 

11.  We  were  building  a  high  wall  with  great  stones. 

12.  The  judges  have  written  great  books  and  many  letters. 


62 


ADJECTIVES 


ADJECTIVES   OP   THIRD   DECLENSION 


Besides  the  Adjectives  in 


-us,  -a,  um,  I  ^^.^^  ^^j^^^ 
-er,  -a,  -um,  J 

the  First  and  Second  Declensions,  there  are  others  which 
follow  the  Third  Declension  of  Nouns. 

The  Adjectives  declined  below  have  one  form  for  the 
Masculine  and  Feminine  Gender  and  another  for  the  Neuter 
in  Nominative,  Vocative,  and  Accusative ;  in  the  other 
Cases  they  have  the  same  form  for  all  Genders. 

Melior  =  letter 


SiNGULAB 

Plural 

Masc.  Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc.  Fern. 

Neut. 

Norn. 

Melior 

melius 

Melior-es 

melior-a 

Gen. 

Melior-is 

melior-is 

Melior-um 

melior-um 

Dat. 

Melior-i 

melior-i 

Melior-ibus 

melior-ibus 

Ace. 

Melior-em 

melius 

Melior-es 

melior-a 

Voc. 

Melior 

melius 

Melior-es 

melior-a 

AbL 

Melior-e  o?-  T 

melior-e  or  i 

Melior-ibus 

melior-ibus 

Observe  that  the  Ablative  Singular  ends  in  I  or  e. 


Tristis  =  sad 


Singular 

Plural 

Mas.  Fem. 

Neut. 

Masc.  Fem. 

Neut. 

Norn. 

Trist-is 

trist-e 

Trist-es 

trist-ia 

Gen. 

Trist-is 

trist-is 

Trist-ium 

trist-ium 

Dat. 

Trist-i 

trist-i 

Trist-ibus 

trist-ibus 

Ace. 

Trist-em 

trist-e 

Trist-es 

trist-ia 

Voc. 

Trist-i^  ; 

trist-e 

Trist-es 

trist-ia 

Ahl. 

Trist-i 

trist-i 

Trist-ibus 

trist-ibus 

Observe  that  the  Ablative  Singular  ends  in  I,  not  e. 

Decline   together   Donum   melius  —  hasta  gravis  —  servus  fortis  —  onus 
[leve — ftiius  melior  —  telum  grave.  "  '• 


ADJECTIVES  63 


VOCABULARY 


Decline  like  trlstis  — 

Fortis,  brave.  Gravis,  heavy. 

Brevis,  short.  Dulcis,  sweet. 

EXERCISE   XXIII 

1.  Eex  est  fortis.  6.  Vox  fuit  dulcis. 

2.  Onus  erat  grave.  7.  Carminum  dulcium. 

3.  Carmina  sunt  dulcia.  8.  Sagittis  brevibus. 

4.  Hasta  erit  brevis.  9.  A  forti  milite. 

5.  Pueri  erant  fortes.  10.  Opus  erat  melius. 

11.  Kegis  filii  carmen  dulce  canta-bant. 

12.  Onera  gravia  a  servis  miseris  portat-a  sunt. 

13.  Eegina  nostra  a  militibus  fortibus  amat-a  erat. 

14.  Epistolae  puerorum  parvorum  sunt  breves. 

15.  Militum  fortium  hastas  graves  time-mus. 

16.  Avium  parvarum  vocem  dulcem  laudav-isti. 

17.  Amici  nostri  dona  meliora  mitt-ent. 

18.  ludicis  filius  sagitta  brevi  vulnerat-us  est. 

1.  The  song  was  short.  6.  By  brave  boys. 

2.  The  girls  are  brave.  7.  Of  a  sweet  song. 

3.  The  books  were  heavy.  8.  Short  letters. 

4.  Of  brave  soldiers.  9.  A  better  gift. 

5.  By  a  short  spear.  10.  Of  better  spears. 

11.  The  sweet  voices  of  the  girls  will  lead  our  friends. 

12.  V^e  were  wounded  by  the  heavy  spears  of  the  soldiers. 

13.  The  heavy  books  were  carried  by  the  little  boys. 

14.  The  short  song  had  been  praised  by  the  king. 

15.  The  arrows  of  the  brave  soldiers  are  short. 

16.  The  heavy  stones  will  hinder  the  king's  messengers. 

17.  Better  ships  will  be  built  by  the  brave  queen. 

18.  The  wretched  slaves  will  fear  the  heavy  burdens. 


64 


ADJECTIVES 


ADJECTIVES   OF  THIRD   DECLENSION  — con^nue^f 


The  Adjectives  declined  below  have  in  the  Accusative 
Singular,  and  Nominative,  Vocative,  and  Accusative 
Plural,  one  form  for  Masculine  and  Feminine  and  another 
for  the  Xeuter,  but  in  all  the  other  Cases  they  have  the 
same  form  for  all  three  Genders. 

Felix  —  happy 


SiNGULAB 

Plural 

Masc.  Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc.  Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

Felix 

felix 

Felic-es 

felic-ia 

Gen. 

Felic-is 

felic-is 

Felic-ium 

felic-ium 

Dat. 

Felic-i 

felic-i 

Felic-ibus 

felic-ibus 

Ace. 

Felic-em 

felix 

Felic-es 

felic-ia 

Voc. 

Felix 

felix 

Felic-es 

felic-ia 

Abl. 

L    . 

Felic-i  or  -e 

felic-i  or  -e 

Felic-ibus 

felic-ibus 

In  GENS  =  vast 


SiNGULAE 

Plural 

Masc.   Fern.               Neut. 

Masc.    Fein. 

Neut. 

Nom. 

Ingens                 ingeiis 

Ingent-es 

ingent-ia 

Gen. 

Ingent-is            iiigent-is 

Ingent-ium 

ingent-ium 

Dat. 

Ingent-i              ingent-i 

lugent-ibus 

ingent-ibus 

Ace. 

Ingent-em         iugens 

Ingent-es 

ingent-ia 

Voc. 

Ingens                 ingens 

Ingent-es 

ingent-ia 

Abl. 

Ingent-i  or  e     ingent-T  or  e 

Ingent-ibus 

ingent-ibus 

Decline  together  Puella  felix  —  mare  imjens  —  magister  sapiens  —  telum 
velox  —  servus  auddx  —  donum  ingens. 

Ohs.  —  A  noun  is  sometimes  qualified  by  another  Noun  which  agrees 
with  it  in  Case,  and  is  said  to  be  in  Apposition. 

Romulus  rex  piignavit  =  Romulus  the  king  has  fought. 
Timemus  Komulum  regem  =  we  fear  Romulus  the  king. 
Filius  Romuli  regis  =  the  son  of  Romulus  the  king. 

Rule  —  An  Appositive  agrees  in  Case  "with  the  Noun  which 
it  modifies. 


ADJECTIVES  65 

VOCABULARY 

Decline  — 

Like  FeJlx.  Like  Ingens. 

Vel5x,  veloc-is,  swift.  Sapiens,  sapient-is,  wise. 

Audax,  audac-is,  hold. 

Cai-us,  -i,  Caesar,  -is,        Lentul-us,  -T  (names  of  men). 

EXERCISE   XXIV 

1.  Eeges  sapientes  bella  longa  non  ama-nt. 

2.  Lentulus,  amicus  noster,  puerum  audacem  puni-et. 

3.  Nuntii  veloces  libros,  dona  tua,  porta-bant. 

4.  Servi  sapientes  a  Caio  magistro  laudat-i  sunt. 

5.  Libros  et  epistolas,  Caesaris  opera,  lauda-mus. 

6.  Naves  multae  a  regina  sapiente  aedifica-tae  sunt. 

7.  Caius,  index  bonus,  sagitta  brevi  vulnerat-us  est. 

8.  Opera  servorum  audacium  a  rege  culpat-a  sunt. 

9.  Magistri  sapientes  pueros  multos  erudiv-erunt. 

10.  Hastas  veloces  et  lapides  graves  time-mus. 

11.  Caius  et  Caesar,  amici  nostri,  sagittis  vulnerat-i  eranto 

12.  Lentulus,  regis  filius,  libros  multos  scrips-it. 

1.  The  bold  slaves  broke  the  heavy  gates  of  the  town. 

2.  Caius,  your  friend,  has  been  praised  by  the  judge. 

3.  Vast  walls  were  being  built  by  slaves  of  the  queen. 

4.  The  books  of  Caius,  the  judge,  were  praised  by  the  king. 

5.  We  feared  the  swift  arrows  and  the  heavy  spears. 

6.  The  voices  of  the  wise  judges  were  being  heard. 

7.  Lentulus  and  Caesar,  our  friends,  had  been  called. 

8.  The  towns  had  been  attacked  by  the  bold  slaves. 

9.  Caius,  our  slave,  has  been  wounded  by  a  heavy  stone. 

10.  A  sweet  song  was  sung  by  Julia,  a  happy  girl. 

11.  The  bold  lion  had  terrified  the  tender  sheep. 

12.  The  son  of  the  wise  master  had  led  the  brave  soldiers. 


66 


E-VERBS 


SECOND  CONJUGATION:  B- VERBS 

MONE-RE,  to  advise 
Pres.  Stem,  mone-,  Per/.  Stem,  monti-,        Sup.  Stem,  monit-. 

PASSIVE   VOICE 

Tenses  formed  from  Present  .Stem  Mone- 

[The  Personal  Endings  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  First  Conjugation.] 


PRESENT 

FOKMATION 

Example 

English 

Sing.  I. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  St.  +  or 
"     +ris 
"      +tur 
"      +inur 
"     +mini 
"      +ntur 

mone-or 

mone-ris 

mone-tur 

mone-mur 

mone-mini 

mone-ntur 

I  am  (being)  advised. 
Thou  art  advised. 
He  is  advised. 
We  are  advised. 
You  are  advised. 
They  are  advised. 

IMPERFECT 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  St. + bar 
''     +baris 
"     +batur 
"     +bamur 
"     +bamini 
"     +bantur 

mone-bar 

mone-baris 

mone-batur 

mone-bamur 

mone-bamini 

mone-bantur 

I  was  being  advised. 
Thou  wast  being  advised. 
He  was  being  advised. 
We  were  being  advised. 
You  were  being  advised. 
They  were  being  advised. 

FUTURE   SIMPLE 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  St.+bor 
*'      +bgris 
"      +bitur 
"     +biinur 
"     +bimini 
"     +buntur 

mone-bor 

mone-bSris 

mone-bitur 

mone-bimur 

mone-bimini 

mone-buntur 

I  shall  be  advised. 
Thou  wilt  be  advised. 
He  will  be  advised. 
We  shall  be  advised. 
You  will  be  advised. 
They  will  be  advised. 

[Each  of  the  above  Tenses  has  another  form  for  the  Second  Person 
Singular,  viz.  Pres.  mom-re^  Imperf.  mone-bdre,  ¥\it.  mone-b^re.] 


E-VEKBS  67 


VOCABULARY 


Sor-or,  -oris,  f.,  a  sister.  Rom-a,  -ae,  f.,  Rome, 

Urbs,  urb-is,  f.,  a  city.  Gall-us,  -i,  a  Gaul. 

Verb-um,  -i,  n.,  a  word. 

EXERCISE  XXV 

1.  lulia,  soror  mea,  a  servo  nigro  terre-bitur. 

2.  Leones  magnrab  ovibus  teneris  time-ntur. 

3.  Eoma  urbs  magna  ab  hostibus  oppugnat-a  erat. 

4.  Pueri  multi  a  Caio  aiiiico  tuo  doce-iitur. 

5.  ludicis  boni  verba  sapientia  aiidiv-imus. 

6.  Milites  fortes  hostium  sagittis  non  terre-buntur. 

7.  Eomulus,  rex  sapiens,  portas  urbis  claus-erit. 

8.  Aves  timidae  puerorum  vocibus  terre-bantur. 

9.  Carmen  dulce  a  lulia,  sorore  tua,  cantat-um  est. 

10.  Hostes  audaces  portas  urbis  nostrae  freg-erant. 

11.  Epistolae  Lentuli,  amici  nostri,  laudat-ae  sunt. 

12.  Onera  gravia  a  servis  miseris  time-bantur. 

1.  Caius,  the  son  of  our  friend,  will  lead  the  soldiers. 

2.  The  boys  were  being  taught  by  Lentulus,  a  wise  master. 

3.  We  do  not  fear  Caius,  the  son  of  a  wise  king. 

4.  Ye  were  wounded  by  the  heavy  spears  of  the  soldiers. 

5.  Julia,  the  sister  of  Caius,  your  friend,  is  beautiful. 

6.  The  little  birds  are  frightened  by  our  voices. 

7.  The  bold  enemy  (pi.)  will  not  attack  the  great  city. 

8.  Your  letters  will  have  been  praised  by  the  wise  queen. 

9.  You  were  being  taught  by  Caius,  the  son  of  our  friend. 

10.  The  anger  of  the  judges  will  be  feared  by  your  slaves. 

11.  The  gates  of  the  city  were  pointed  out  by  the  enemy. 

12.  The  short  spears  of  the  enemy  (pi.)  wounded  many 

soldiers. 


68 


E-VERBS 


SECOND   CONJUGATION:    E-VE^UBS  —  continued 

MoNE-RE,  to  advise 

Pres.  Stem,  mone-,         Per/.  Stem,  monii-,         Sup.  Stem,  monit-. 

PASSIVE   VOICE 
Tenses  formed  from  the  Supine  Stem  Monit-^ 


PERFECT    AND    AORIST 

Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Sup.  St.-f  us  sum 
"       -fuses 
"       -f  us  est 
"       -f  i  sumus 
"       -f  i  estis 
"       +isunt 

monit-us  sum 
monit-us  es 
monit-us  est 
monit-i  sumus 
monit-i  estis 
mouit-i  sunt 

Perfect 

Aorist 

/  have  been        \ 
Thou  hast  been 
He  has  been 
We  have  been 
You  have  been 
They  have  been . 

/  was        \ 
Thou  ivast 
He  was 
We  were 
You  were 
They  were. 

PLUPERFECT 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  I. 

2. 

3. 

Sup.  St.  -f  us  eram 
"       +  us  eras 
"       +  us  erat 
"       +  i  eramus 
"       -fi  eratis 
"       -h  i  erant 

monit-us  eram 
monit-us  eras 
monit-us  erat 
monit-i  eramus 
monit-i  eratis 
monit-i  erant 

I  had  been  advised. 
Thou  hadst  been  advised. 
He  had  been  advised. 
We  had  been  advised. 
You  had  been  advised. 
They  had  been  advised. 

FUTURE   PERFECT 

Sing.l. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Sup.  St.  +  us  ero 
"       -f  us  eris 
"       -f  us  erit 
"       -f  i  erimus 
"       +i  eritis 
"       -f  i  erunt 

monit-us  ero 
monit-us  eris 
monit-us  erit 
monit-i  erimus 
monit-i  eritis 
monit-i  erunt 

I  shall  have  been  advised. 
Thou  wilt  have  been  advised. 
He  will  have  been  advised. 
We  shall  have  been  advised. 
You  will  have  been  advised. 
They  will  have  been  advised. 

Obs.  —  When  an  Adjective  qualifies  two  or  more  Nouns  of  different 
Genders  the  Adjective  agrees  v^^ith  the  Masculine  rather  than  with  tlie 
Feminine :  —  Puer  et  puella  sunt  pulchri=:<Ae  boy  and  the  girl  are  beautiful. 

The  same  applies  to  the  Participle  used  in  the  Supine  Stem  Tenses  of 
the  Passive  Voice. 

Puer  et  puella  laudati  sunt  =  Me  boy  and  the  girl  were  praised. 


1  Supine  Stems  of  Verbs  of  Second  Conjugation  are  rarely  regular,  and 
should  be  looked  up. 


E-VERBS  69 

VOCABULARY 

Doce-o,  I  teach  (2),  Perfect  Stem,  docti-,  Supine  Stem,  doct-. 

Vide-o, /see  (2),  "  vid-,  "  vis-. 

Move-o,  /  moL'e  (2),  "  mov-,  *'  mot-. 

Omnis  (Adjective  like  tristis)^  all. 

EXERCISE    XXVI 

1.  Rex  et  regina  ab  omnibus  militibus  vis-i  sunt. 

2.  Filius  tuus  eb  soror  mea  a  magistro  bono  doct-i  erunt. 

3.  riumina  magna  et  muri  alti  regem  impedi-ent. 
4  Murus  et  porta  oppidi  nostri  sunt  alti. 

5.  Romam  urbem  nostram  et  Romulum  regem  ama-mus. 

6.  Verba  sapientia  iudicum  bonorum  non  audiv-istl. 

7.  Aves  multae  puerorum  sagittis  vulnerat-ae  sunt. 

8.  Onus  magnum  a  servis  timidis  non  mot-um  erit. 

9.  Roma,  urbs  nostra,  a  Romulo  rege  aedificat-a  est. 

10.  Virgines  pulchrae  carmina  dulcia  canta-bant. 

11.  Caius,  amicus  tuus,  et  lulia,  soror  mea,  aegri  fu-erunt. 

12.  Libri  tui  ab  omnibus  amicis  nostris  laudat-i  erant. 

1.  The  wall  and  the  gate  were  built  by  Caius,  your  friend. 

2.  The  boy  and  the  girl  had  been  taught  by  the  son  of 

the  judge.  [friend. 

3.  We  have  seen  Julia,  your  sister,  and  Lentulus,  our 

4.  Books  and  letters  were  praised  by  the  wise  king. 

5.  Heavy  stones  had  been  moved  by  the  great  river. 

6.  We  shall  have  been  seen  by  the  Gauls,  our  enemies. 

7.  You  were  frightened  by  the  voices  of  the  messengers. 

8.  The  bold  slaves  had  broken  the  gates  of  the  city. 

9.  Rome,  our  city,  will  be  attacked  by  all  the  soldiers. 

10.  The  girls'  sweet  song  will  be  praised  by  the  queen. 

11.  We  shall   be. wounded  by  the  heavy  spears  of   the 

enemy  (pi.)- 

12.  We  were  fearing  the  deep  river  and  the  vast  sea. 


70 


NOUNS 


FOURTH  DECLENSION 

Nouns  whose  Genitive  Singular  ends  in  -us  belong  to 
the  Fourth  Declension. 

The  Nominative  ends  in  -us  if  the  Noun  is  Masculine 
(or  Feminine). 

The  Nominative  ends  in  -u  if  the  Noun  is  Neuter. 

Masculine 


Singular 

Plural 

Nojn. 

Grad-iis 

a  step  (m.). 

Grad-us 

steps. 

Gen. 

Grad-us 

of  a  step. 

Grad-ayim 

of  steps. 

Dat. 

Grad-ui 

to  or  for  a  step. 

Grad-ibus 

to  or  for  steps. 

Ace. 

Grad-um 

a  step. 

Grad-us 

steps. 

Voc. 

Grad-us 

0  step. 

Grad-us 

0  steps. 

A  hi. 

Grad^ 

by,  with,  or  from 
a  step. 

Grad-ibus 

bij,  with,  or  from 
steps. 

Neuter 


Singular 

Plural 

Nom. 

Gen-u 

a  knee  (n.). 

Gen-ua 

knees. 

Gen. 

Gen-US 

of  a  knee. 

Gen-uum 

of  knees. 

Dat. 

Gen-u 

to  or  for  a  knee. 

Gen-ibus 

to  or  for  knees. 

Ace. 

Gen-u 

a  knee. 

Gen-ua 

knees. 

Voc. 

Gen-u 

0  knee. 

Gen-ua 

0  knees 

Abl. 

Gen-u 

hij,  with,  or  from 
a  knee. 

Gen-ibus 

by,  with,  or  from 
knees. 

[The  Dat.  Sing,  has  also  the  ending  u  for  Masculine  and  Feminine  Nouns. 
The  ending  of  the  Dat.  and  Abl.  Plur.  is  sometimes  written  -ubus.^ 

Carefully  distinguish  the  Fourth  from  tlie  Second  Declension  — 
A  Noun  with  Nominative  in  -ws  and  Genitive  in  -l  is  of  the  Second. 
A  Noun  witli  Nominative  in  -us  and  Genitive  in  -m  is.of  the  Fourth. 
Obs.  —  When  an  Adjective  describes  *  man/ '  woman,' or  'thing,'  the 
Noun  is  o'ften  omitted  in  Latin,  and  the  Adjectiv-e  shows  by  its  Gender 
whether  *  man/  '  woman/  or  '  thing '  is  meant.     Thus  — 

Singular  Plural 

Masculine,  Bonus  =  a  good  man.  Boni  =  good  men. 

Feminine,    Bon^=  a  good  woman.  Bonae  =  good  women. 

Neuter,       Bonum  =  a  good  thing.  Bona  =  good  things. 

An  Adjective  so  employed  is  said  to  be  used  Substantively. 


NOUNS  71 

VOCABULARY 

Decline  — 

Like  Gradus. 
Arc-US,  -us,  m.,  a  how.  Imperat-or,  -oris,  m.,  a  general. 

Exercit-us,  -us,  m.,  an  army.        Rot-a,  -ae,  f.,  a  wheel. 
Curr-us,  -us,  m.,  a  chariot. 
Man-us,  -us,  f.,  a  hand. 

EXERCISE   XXVII 

1.  Milites  nostri  arctis  magnos  manibus  tene-bant. 

2.  Manus  tenera  sororis  tuae  vulnerat-a  erat. 

3.  Curriis  hostium  ab  omnibus  militibus  vis-i  erunt. 

4.  Omnes  boni  Romulum  regem  nostrum  ama-bunt. 

5.  Fllius  amici  tui  a  multis  culpat-us  erat. 

6.  Exercitus  Gallorum  hostium  nostrorum  vid-imus. 

7.  Fortium  opera  et  sapientium  verba  lauda-tis. 

8.  Multi  sagittas  et  arcus  magnos  portav-erunt. 

9.  Caesar  imperator  exercitus  nostri  hostem  non  time-t. 

10.  Puerorum  audacium  sagittas  manu  mea  freg-eram. 

11.  Magnum  exercitum  et  multos  currus  mis-istis. 

12.  Fortes  et  sapientes  ab  omnibus  lauda-buntur. 

1.  The  vast  armies  of  the  Gauls  were  seen  by  our  (men). 

2.  All  your  works  have  been  praised  by  the  wise  (men). 

3.  The  friends  of  Caius  the  wise  judge  wrote  many  (things). 

4.  We  will  shut  the  gates  of  the  city  with  our  (own)  hands. 

5.  You  did  not  see  the  bows  and  arrows  of  the  enemy  (pL). 

6.  Many  will  blame  Caesar,  the  general  of  your  army. 

7.  The  brave  fear  not  the  armies  and  the  chariots  of  kings. 

8.  Rome,  the  city  of  brave  men,  will  be  attacked  by  Gauls. 

9.  The  heavy  burden  was  moved  by  the  hand  of  a  girl. 

10.  The  king  and  the  queen  were  loved  by  all  good  men. 

11.  The  great  stones  will  break  the  wheels  of  the  chariots. 

12.  The  rivers  hindered  the  armies  of  the  brave  Gauls. 


72  CONSONANT  VERBS 

THIRD  CONJUGATION:  CONSONANT  VERBS 
Example —  Reg-ere,  to  rule 


Pres.  Stem,  rSg-, 


Sup.  Stem,  rect-. 


Per/.  Stem,  rex-, 

PASSIVE   VOICE 

Tenses  formed  from  the  Pres.  Stem  Eeg- 


PRESENT 

Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  St.  +  or 

''      "  +itur 
"      •'  +imur 
"      "  +iinini 
"      "  +untur 

reg-or 

reg-6ris  ^ 

reg-itur 

reg-imur 

reg-imini 

reg-untur 

/  am  [being)  ruled. 
Thoii  art  ruled. 
He  is  ruled. 
We  are  ruled. 
You  are  ruled. 
They  are  7'uled. 

IMPERFECT 

Sing.  I. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres  St.  +  §bar 
*'      "  +ebaris 
«      "  +ebatur 
"      "  H-ebamur 
•'      "  +ebamini 
"      "  +ebantur 

reg-ebar 

reg-ebaris  2 

reg-ebatur 

reg-ebamur 

reg-ebamini 

reg-ebantur 

I  was  being  ruled. 
Thou  wast  being  ruled. 
He  was  being  ruled. 
We  were  being  ruled. 
You  were  being  ruled. 
They  were  being  ruled. 

FUTURE    SIMPLE 

Sing.  I. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Pres.  St.  +  ar 
"      "    -heris 
"      '^  4-etur 
*'      "  +emur 
"      "  -femini 
*'  -f  entur 

reg-ar 

reg-eris  ^ 

reg-etur 

reg-emur 

reg-emini 

reg-entur 

I  shall  be  ruled. 
Thou  wilt  be  ruled. 
He  will  be  ruled. 
We  shall  be  ruled. 
You  will  be  ruled. 
They  will  be  ruled. 

^  or  reg-Sre. 


or  reg-ebare. 


or  reg-ere. 


06s.  —  *  With/  when  it  means  '  together  with '  or  *  in  company  with/  is 
translated  by  *  cum '  followed  by  the  Ablative ;  as  in  the  following  : 
Mitt5  servum  cum  puero  =  /  send  a  slave  with  the  boy. 

Rule  —  Accompaniment  is  expressed  by  the  Ablative  "with 
the  preposition  *  cum.' 

Carefully  distinguish  this  from  the  Ablative  of  Instrument,  which  shows 
with  what  or  by  what  an  action  is  done.     See  page  60. 
Puer  vulneratus  est  sagittis  =  the  boy  was  wounded  with  arrows. 


CONSONANT   VERBS  73 

VOCABULARY 

Occid-6,  I  hill  (3),  Perfect  Stem,  occid-,  Supine  Stem,  occis-. 

Ger-6,   /  carry  on  (3),  "  gess-,  "  gest-. 

Fluct-us,  -us,  m.,  a  wave. 
Vent-US,  -1,  rn.,  wind. 
N.B.  —  reg-^ris  (short  e)  is  Second  Person  Singular  Present; 
regeris  (long  e)  is  Second  Person  Singular  Future. 

EXERCISE    XXVIII 

1.  A  Gallis  vinc-emur.  5.  Cum  multis  mitt-emur. 

2.  Cum  nuntio  mitt-eris.  6.  Bella  ger-ebantur. 

3.  Non  duc-ebamini.  7.  A  Caesare  duc-ebamur. 

4.  Tells  occid-eris.  8.  Omnes  vinc-entur. 
9.  Multa  sapientia  a  Lentulo  amico  tuo  scrib-untur. 

10.  Imperatorem  cum  omnibus  amicis  occid-emus. 

11.  Naves  multae  fluctibus  et  vento  frang-untur. 

12.  Mtirum  ingentem  lapidibus  magnis  aedifica-bamus. 

13.  Filii  nostri  cum  nun  tils  velocibus  mitt-entur. 

14.  Multi  fortes  a  Gallis  hostibus  nostris  occid-ebantur. 

15.  Yirginis  pulchrae  carmina  dulcia  audiv-imus. 

16.  Libri  magni  a  Caio,  itidice  sapiente,  scrib-untur. 

1.  Vast  armies  were  being  led  by  the  brave  general. 

2.  You  will  be  slain  by  the  heavy  spear  of  the  Gaul. 

3.  Many  gifts  will  be  sent  by  Julia  your  sister. 

4.  We  will  send  a  swift  messenger  with  your  slave. 

5.  Our  king  with  (his)  son  will  be  slain  by  the  enemy. 

6.  The  gate  of  the  city  is  being  broken  with  a  vast  stone. 

7.  The  Gauls  with  a  vast  army  will  attack  our  city. 

8.  Brave  (men)  are  not  frightened  by  waves  and  wind. 

9.  The  wheels  of  our  chariots  will  be  broken  by  the  stones. 

10.  We  shall  be  led  by  Caesar,  a  brave  general. 

11.  Your  work  has  been  praised  by  all  good  men. 

12.  The  wise  praise  the  good  laws  of  Komulus  our  king. 


74 


CONSONANT    \rp:RBS 


THIRD    CONJUGATION:   CONSONANT   YEHBS  —  continued 

Example  —  Reg-ere,  to  rule 

Pres.  Stem,  r6g-,  P^ff-  Stem,  rex-,  Sup.  Stem,  rect-. 

PASSIVE  VOICE 

Tenses  formed  from  the  Supine  Stem  Rect- 


PERFECT   AND   AORIST 

Formation 

Example 

English 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Sup.  Stem -f  us  sum 
"    -fuses 
"    -f  us  est 

"        "    +i  sumus 
"    -f  i  estis 

"        "    +i  sunt 

rect-us  sum 
rect-us  es 
rect-us  est 
rect-i  sumus 
rect-i  estis 
rect-i  sunt 

Perfect 

Aorist 

/  have  been 
Thou  hast  been 
He  has  been 
We  have  been 
You  have  been 
They  have  been) 

/  was 
Thou  wast 
He  was 
We  were 
You  were 
They  were. 

1 

PLUPERFECT 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Sup. 

Stem + us  eram 
"    4- us  eras 
"    +US  erat 
**    +i  eramus 
"    -l-i  eratis 
"    +i  erant 

rect-us  eram 
rect-us  eras 
rect-us  erat 
rect-i  eramus 
rect-i  eratis 
rect-i  erant 

I  had  been  ruled. 
Thou  hadst  been  ruled. 
He  had  been  ruled. 
We  had  been  ruled. 
You  had  been  ruled. 
They  had  been  ruled. 

FUTURE    PERFECT 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

Sup.  Stem  +  US  ero 

"        "     -f  us  eris 

"        "     -fus  erit 

''        "     4-i  erimus 

"     +i  eritis 

"     -f  i  erunt 

rect-us  ero 
rect-us  eris 
rect-us  erit 
rect-i  erimus 
rect-i  eritis 
rect-i  erunt 

I  shall  have  been  ruled. 
Thou  wilt  have  been  ruled. 
He  will  have  been  ruled. 
We  shall  have  been  nded. 
You  will  have  been  ruled. 
They  will  have  been  ruled. 

*  To  '  AS  Indirect  Object 
*To*  (or  'for')  is  the  sign  of  the  Dative  Case.     With  such  verbs  as 
do  =  /  give,   narro  =  /  tell,   mon-stro  =  /  show,  etc.,  the  Dative  indicates 
*  to  whom '  (or  *  to  what ')  something  is  given,  told,  shown,  etc.     So  used, 
it  is  called  the  Dative  of  Indirect  Object.    (See  Ex.  XXIX,  9.) 

Rule  —  The  Indirect  Object  is  put  in  the  Dative  Case. 


CONSONANT  VERBS  75 

*  To '  Meaning  '  Motion  Towards  ' 
When,  however,  motion  towards  a  person,  place,  or  thing  is  implied, 
*  to  '  is  translated  by  the  Preposition  '  ad'  or  *  in  ^  with  the  Accusative  Case. 
Thus  —  Ad  urbem  missus  est  =  he  was  sent  to  the  city. 
In  urbem  missus  est  =  Ae  was  sent  into  the  city. 

Rule  — Motion  towards  a  Person,  Place,  or  Thing  is  ex- 
pressed by  the  Accusative  with  the  Preposition  '  ad '  or  '  in/ 

(With  town  names  and  a  few  other  words  the  Preposition  is  omitted.) 

EXERCISE   XXIX 

[In  this  and  the  following  Exercises  words   introduced  for  the  first 
time  are  given  only  in  the  Vocabulary  at  the  end.] 

1.  Eex  Gallorum  cum  exercitii  ad  urbem  contend-it. 

2.  Multae  naves  fiuctibus  et  vento  fract-ae  erant. 

3.  Nuntii  veloces  ad  exercitum  nostrum  miss-i  sunt. 

4.  Urbis  portae  a  servis  timidis  claus-ae  erunt. 

5.  Hastae  et  sagittae  fuerunt  utiles  militibus. 

6.  Libros  Lentuli,  amici  tui,  regi  monstrav-imus. 

7.  Eex  et  regina  omnibus  bonis  carl  fu-erunt. 

8.  Carmina  avium  parvarum  sunt  dulcia  omnibus. 

9.  Urbis  turres  et  portas  imperatori  monstra-bimus. 

10.  Cum  multis  Gallis  in  urbem  vestram  duct-i  sumus. 

11.  Liber  tuus  Lentulo  iudicis  filio  utilis  erit. 

V 

1.  The  name  of  our  general  is  dear  to  all  the  soldiers. 

2.  All  the  slaves  have  been  sent  to  the  great  city. 

3.  The  wall  of  the  temple  was  broken  by  the  waves. 

4.  Our  armies  had  been  conquered  by  the  Gauls,  our 

enemies. 

5.  The  words  of  the  judges  will  be  declared  to  the  king. 

6.  The  messengers  had  been  sent  to  the  city  of  the  queen. 

7.  We  were  marching  with  a  great  army  to  the  river. 

8.  Many  brave  men  were  slain  by  the  darts  of  the  enemy. 

9.  The  ships  of  the  enemy  were  useful  to  our  queen. 

10.  The  chariot's  wheels  had  been  broken  by  the  stones. 

11.  The  letters  and  books  were  shown  to  all  the  boys. 


76  NOUNS 

FIFTH   DECLENSION 
Nouns  whose  Genitive  Singular  ends  in  -el  are  of  tlie 
Fifth  Declension.     The  Nominative  Singular  ends  in  -es, 
and  the  Gender  is  Feminine  (except  dies,  usually  Masc). 


SmOULAB 

Plueal 

No7n. 

Di-es 

a  day  (m.,  f.). 

Di-es 

days. 

Gen. 

Di-ei 

of  a  day. 

Di-erum 

of  days. 

Dat. 

Di-ei 

to  or  for  a  day. 

Di-ebus 

to  or  for  days. 

Ace. 

Diem 

a  day. 

Di-es 

days. 

Voc. 

Di-es 

0  day. 

Di-es 

0  days. 

Abl. 

Di-e 

by,  with,  or  from 
a  day. 

Di-ebus 

by,  with,  or  from 
days. 

Obs.  —  The  ending  of  the  Genitive  and  Dative  Singular  is  6i  not  ei 
when  a  consonant  precedes  it.     Thus,  spes,  sp6i  =  hope. 

Case-Endings  of  the  Five  Declensions 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

Fern. 

Masc.  Fern.  Neut. 

Masc.  Fern 

Neut. 

Masc.  Fern 

.  Neut. 

Fern. 

Nom. 

-a 

-us    -er    -um 

various 

various 

-lis 

-u 

-es 

Gen. 

-ae 

-T             -1 

-is 

-is 

-us 

-lis 

-ei 

Dat. 

-ae 

-o            -o 

-i 

-i 

-ui   -u 

-u 

-ei 

Ace. 

-am 

-um        -um 

-em 

=  A^ow. 

-um 

-ii 

-em 

Foe. 

-a 

-e     -er    -um 

=  Nom. 

=  Nom. 

-lis 

-ii 

-es 

Abl. 

-a  , 

-6           -o 

-e  (i) 

-e(i) 

-ii 

-ii 

-e 

Nom. 

-ae 

-1           -a 

-es 

-a 

-lis 

-ua 

-es 

Gen. 

-arum 

-orum    -drum 

j  -um 
I  -ium 

1  -um 
I  -ium 

-uum 

-uum 

-^;rum 

Dat. 

-is 

-is          -is 

-ibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

-€bus 

Ace. 

-4s 

-OS          -a 

-es 

-a 

-lis 

-ua 

'-es 

Voe. 

-ae 

-1            -a 

-es 

-a 

-iis 

-ua 

-es 

Abl. 

-is 

-is          -is 

-ibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

-ibus 

-ebus 

'  In  '  AND  *  Into  ' 
The  Latin  word  in  has  two  meanings  — 

In  with  Accus.  means  *  into '  or  *  to/  and  shows  motion  towards  a 

place  (see,  however,  p.  75). 
In  with  the  Ablative  means  *in,*  and  shows  position  in  a  place. 
Thus,  In  urbem  =  into  the  city ;  in  urbe  =  in  the  city. 
Rule  —  Place  *  -where '  or  '  in  -which  *  is  expressed  by  the 
Ablative  Case  "with  the  Preposition  'in.* 

(Town  names  and  a  few  other  words  require  a  different  Case  to  express 
'place  where '  and  *  place  in  which.') 


NOUNS  77 

EXERCISE   XXX 

1.  Caesar  cum  magno  exercitu  in  Italiam  contend-ebat. 

2.  Eex  et  regina  in  urbe  nostra  occisi  erant. 

3.  Currus  nostros  et  naves  amico  tuo  monstra-bamus. 

4.  lulia  soror  tua  ab  omnibus  bonis  laudat-a  erit. 

5.  Captivl  miseri  ab  imperatore  in  urbem  duct-i  sunt. 

6.  Cum  Lentulo,  iudicis  filio,  in  Italiam  mitt-eris. 

7.  Milites  multi  sagittis  et  hastis  vulnerat-i  erant. 

8.  Italia,  patria  nostra,  omnibus  fortibus  cara  est. 

9.  Servus  niger  in  curru  cum  imperatore  sede-bat. 

10.  Nuntios  multos  ad  iudicem  bonum  mis-istis. 

11.  Milites  fortes  a  Gallis  hostibus  nostris  non  vinc-entur. 

12.  Dulcia  sunt  omnibus  sapientibus  puellarum  carmina. 

1.  We  have  not  seen  Lentulus,  the  friend  of  your  son. 

2.  We  will  march  with  Caesar,  our  general,  into  Italy. 

3.  All  things  will  be  declared  to  the  judge  by  the  slaves. 

4.  Many  were  slain  in  the  town  by  the  arrows  of  the 

Gauls. 

5.  Julia,  your  sister,  is  dear  to  all  (her)  friends. 

6.  The  slaves  were  carrying  a  heavy  burden  into  the  town. 

7.  The  armies  of  our  enemies  will  march  into  Italy. 

8.  We  were  showing  our  books  to  Lentulus,  your  son. 

9.  Caesar,  our  general,  has  carried  on  many  great  wars. 

10.  The  queen  will  sit  with  the  king  in  a  beautiful  chariot. 

11.  The  words  of   the  general  were  declared  to  all  the 

soldiers. 

12.  The  timid  sheep  are  frightened  by  the  voices  of  the 

boys. 


78 


I-VERBS 


FOURTH  CONJUGATION:   I-VERBS 

Audi-re,  to  hear 
Pres.  Steniy  audi-,  Per/.  Stem,  audiv-,  Sup.  Stenif  audit-. 

PASSIVE   VOICE 
Tenses  formed  from  the  Present  Stem  Audi- 


PRESENT 


Sing.  1 


Plur. 


Formation 


Pres.  Stem  +  or 
*'         +  ris 
+  tur 
"  f  mur 

"         +  mini 
"         +  untur 


EXAMPLB 


audi-or 

audl-ris 

audi-tur 

audi-mur 

audi-mini 

audi-untur 


English 


I  am  {being)  heard. 
Thou  art  heard. 
He  is  heard. 
We  are  heard. 
You  are  heard. 
They  are  heard. 


IMPERFECT 


Slug.  1 
2 
3, 

Plur.  1 
2 
3, 


Pres.  Stem  +  ebar 
"         4-  ebaris 
"         +  ebatur 
"         +  ebamur 
"         +  ebamini 
"         +  ebantur 


audi-ebar 

audi-ebaris 

audi-ebatur 

audi-ebamur 

audi-ebamini 

audi-ebantur 


I  was  being 
Thou  wast  being  I 
He  was  being 
We  were  being 
You  were  being 
They  were  being  ^ 


FUTURE    SIMPLE 


Sing.  1 
2 
3. 

Plur.  1 
2 
3, 


Pres.  Stem  +  ar 
"  +  eris 

"         +  etur 
"         +  emur 
"         +  emini 
"         +  entur 


audi-ar 

audi-eris 

audi-etur 

audi-emur 

audi-emini 

audi-entur 


/  shall  be  heard. 
Thou  wilt  be  heard. 
He  will  be  heard. 
We  shall  be  heard. 
You  will  be  heard. 
They  will  be  heard. 


[The  Second  Person  Singular  of  each  of  the  above  Tenses  has  a  second 
form,  viz.  Pres.  aud-ire,  Imperf.  audi-ebdre,  Put.  audi-ere.] 

Rule  —  Time  •'when'  is  expressed  by  the  Ablative. 
Rule  —  Time  'how  long'  is  expressed  by  the  Accusative. 

Primo  anno  occisus  est  =  he  was  killed  in  the  first  year  (when). 
Multys  annos  manebit  =  he  will  remain  many  years  (how  long). 


I-VERBS  79 


EXERCISE   XXXI 


The  Latin  word  e  or  ex  means  'from'  or  'out  of,'  and  takes  an  Ablative; 
as  Ex  Italia  =  out  of  Italy. 


1.  Proximo  anno  omnes  urbes  a  militibus  muni-ebantur. 

2.  A  Lentulo,  itidrce  sapiente,  puni-eris. 

3.  Naves  nostrae  fluctibus  et  vento  impedi-untur. 

4.  Captivi  dies  niultos  in  oppido  mane-bunt. 

5.  Primo  die  nuntios  ex  urbe  mis-imus. 

6.  Verba  tua  regi  et  reginae  nuntia-buntur. 

7.  Pueri  ignavi  a  magistro  nostro  puni-untur. 

8.  Galli  cum  exercitu  magno  ad  urbem  contend-ent. 

9.  Libros  multos  et  epistolas  manu  mea  scrips-i. 

10.  Hastae  et  sagittae  militi  forti  utiles  erunt. 

11.  Gallorum  imperator  anno  secundo  occis-us  erat. 

12.  Carmen  puellarum  ab  omnibus  laudat-um  erit. 

1.  We  were  being  instructed  by  Lentulus,  a  wise  master. 

2.  You  will  be  hindered  by  the  river  and  by  the  walls. 

3.  The  city  is  being  fortified  by  Caesar,  the  general. 

4.  The  next  day  the  slaves  were  sent  out  of  the  town. 

5.  Many  captives  were  being  led  into  Italy  by  our  (men). 

6.  The  son  of  the  general  was  wounded  with  a  short  spear. 

7.  We  have  been  sent  with  the  swift  messenger  to  the 

king. 

8.  The  words  of  the  wise  are  praised  by  all  good  (men).  . 

9.  We  do  not  fear  the  armies  of  the  Gauls,  our  enemies. 

10.  The  voice  of  the  general  will  be  heard  by  all  the  soldiers. 

11.  The  gate  of  the  city  will  be  guarded  by  a  brave  man. 

12.  The  citizens  remained  many  hours  in  the  temple  of 

Diana. 


80 


I-VERBS 


FOURTH    CONJUGATION:    I-VEUBS  —  continued 

Exam/ple  —  Audi-re,  to  hear 

Pres.  Stem,  audi-,  Per/.  Stem,  audiv-,  Sup.  Stem,  audit-. 

PASSIVE    VOICE 
Tenses  formed  from  the  Supine  Stem  Audit- 

The  Supine  Stem  of  a  Eegular  Verb  of  the  Fourth  Con- 
jugation is  found  by  adding  t  to  the  Present  Stem. 


PERFECT    AND   AORIST 


Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 


Formation 


Sup,  St.  4- us  sum 
"      "  +US  es 
"      "  +US  est 
*'      "  +i  sumus 
"      "  +  i  estis 
"      "  +i  sunt 


audit-US  sum 
audit-US  es 
audit-US  est 
audit-i  sumus 
audit-i  estis 
audit-i  sunt 


English 


Perfect 

I  have  been       -s 

Thou  hast  been 

He  has  been 

5s~ 

We  have  been 

>  5 

You  have  been 

They  have  been  J 

Aorist 


/  was 
Thou  wast 
He  was 
We  were 
You  wtre 
They  were 


PLUPERFECT 


Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 


Sup.  St. +  US  eram 
"  '    "  -f  US  eras 
"      "  +  us  erat 
"      "  +  i  eramus 
"      "  +  i  eratis 
"      "  +  i  erant 


audit-US  eram 
audit-US  eras 
audit-US  erat 
audit-i  eramus 
audit-i  eratis 
audit-i  erant 


I  had  been  heard. 
Thou  hadst  been  heard. 
He  had  been  heard. 
We  had  been  heard. 
You  had  been  heard. 
They  had  been  heard. 


FUTURE   PERFECT 


Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 


Sup.  St.  -}-  us  ero 
*'  "  +US  eris 
*'  "  4- us  erit 
'*  "  -f-i  erimus 
"  "  +i  eritis 
"      ''  4-i  erunt 


audit-US  ero 
audit-US  eris 
audit-US  erit 
audit-i  erimus 
audit-i  eritis 
audit-i  erunt 


/  shall  have  been  heard. 
Thou  wilt  have  been  heard. 
He  will  have  been  heard. 
We  shall  have  been  heard. 
You  will  have  been  heard. 
They  will  have  been  heard. 


A  Sentence  containing  an  Active  Transitive  Verb  with  an  Object  can 
be  turned  into  a  Sentence  containing  a  Passive  Verb  with  an  Ablative  of 
Agent  (or  Instrument),  or  vice  versa.     See  page  83. 


I-VERBS  81 

EXERCISE   XXXII 

1.  Proximo  die  omnes  naves  nostrae  fiuctibus  fract-ae 

sunt. 

2.  Onus  magnum  et  grave  multas  horas  porta-bamus. 

3.  Urbis  portae  ab  imperatore  prima  hora  claud-entur. 

4.  ludicum  filii  cum  nostris  Mils  erudlt-i  sunt. 

5.  Multos  dies  in  Italia  cum  amicls  mans-imus. 

6.  Secunda  hora  nuntium  velocem  ex  urbe  mitt-emus. 

7.  Proximo  anno  magnum  exercitum  in  Italiam  dux-i. 

8.  Voces  puellarum  in  vestris  templis  audit-ae  erunt. 

9.  Multos  dies  in  nave  cum  militibus  mane-bis. 

10.  Anno  secundo  Galll  omnes  a  nostris  victi  sunt. 

11.  Cara  est  civibus  omnibus  Italia  patria  nostra. 

12.  Exercitus  nostri  ab  imperatore  forti  duc-ebantur. 

1.  On  the  next  day  a  voice  was  heard  in  the  temples. 

2.  For  many  days  the  captives  remained  in  the  city. 

3.  All  the  cities  of  Italy  had  been  fortified  by  our  men. 

4.  The  messenger  was  sent  out  of  the  city  at  the  first 

hour. 

5.  The  next  year  many  brave  (men)  were  slain  by  the 

enemies. 

6.  The  great  rivers  will  hinder  the  armies  of  the  Gauls. 

7.  On  the  second  day  the  town  will  be  attacked  by  the 

king. 

8.  The  messengers  had  declared  your  words  to  the  judge. 

9.  You  were  seen  by  Caius  our  slave  and  by  many  citizens. 

10.  We  feared  the  darts  of  the  enemy  and  the  waves  of 

the  sea. 

11.  For  many  hours  we  sat  with  the  captives  in  the  temple. 

12.  At  the  first  hour  the  ships  were  seen  by  our  messengers. 

F 


82 


THE   FOUR   CONJUGATIONS 


TABLE  OF  THE  FOUR  CONJUGATIONS 
PASSIVE   VOICE.     For  Table  of  Active  Voice,  see  p.  46. 


1. 

Am-or  1 
Mone-or 
Reg-or 
Audi-or 


Singular 

2.  3. 

ama-ris    ama-tur 
moue-ris  mone-tur 
reg-eris    reg-itur 
audi-ris    audi-tur 


Plueal 
1.  2.  3. 

ama-mur     ama-mini  ama-ntur 

mone-mur   mone-mini  mone-ntur 


reg-imur 
audi-mur 


reg-imini 
audi-mini 


reg-wntur 
audi-untur 


Ama- 
Mone 
Reg- 
Aud 


■.-I 


baris       batur 


ebar     ebaris     ebatur 


bamur      bamini      bantur 
ebamur     ebamiui    ebantur 


Ama- 
Mone 
Reg- 
Audi 


■     [bor 
?ar 


beris       bitur 


bimur       bimini       buntur 
emur        emini        entur 


P4  « 


Amat- 
Monit-  I  us 
Rect-     1  sum 
Audit- 


US 

es 


US 

est 


sumus      estis 


Amat- 

Monit-  i^us         us  us 

Rect-     (  erara    eras        erat 

Audit- 


eramus     eratis 


sunt 


erant 


Amat- 
Monit-  I  us 
Rect-      j  ero 
Audit- 


US 
eris 


erit 


enmus     eritis 


1 
erunt 


English 

Present  —  /  am  being  loved,  or  am  loved,  etc. 

Imperfect  —  I  was  being  loved,  etc. 

Future  Simple  —  /  shall  or  will  be  loved,  etc, 
i  Perfect  —  /  have  been  loved,  etc. 
I  Aorist  —  /  was  loved,  etc. 

Pluperfect  —  /  had  been  loved,  etc. 

Future  Perfect  —  /  shall  or  will  have  been  loved,  etc. 


1  The  First  Person  Singular  Present  is  amor  for  amaor. 


THE   FOUR   CONJUGATIONS 


83 


RECAPITULATORY 


Active  and 

1.  Vide-bar. 

2.  Culpa-beris. 

3.  Duc-eris. 

4.  Puni-untur. 

5.  Vinc-etur. 

6.  Terre-tur. 

7.  Move-mur. 

8.  Monstra-ntur. 

9.  Yinc-ar. 


Passive  Voices,  Tour 

10.  Vocat-a  erit. 

11.  Sede-bas. 

12.  Muni-emus. 

13.  Custodi-tis. 

14.  Yoca-bimur. 

15.  Doct-i  erant. 

16.  Terre-ris. 

17.  Aedifica-tis. 

18.  Miss-a  est. 


Conjugations 

19.  Puni-entur. 

20.  Mane-bunt. 

21.  Duc-iminl. 

22.  Doce-tis. 

23.  Y.inc-ebaris. 

24.  Monstrav-isti. 

25.  Yocat-us  es. 

26.  Puni-eminl. 

27.  Move-ris. 


1.  We  are  conquering. 

2.  Ye  were  seen. 

3.  She  has  been  taught. 

4.  We  are  being  led. 

5.  Thou  wilt  write. 

6.  We  shall  be  sent. 

7.  They  were  punished 

8.  I  was  being  called. 


9.  Thou  wilt  be  blamed. 

10.  We  are  instructed. 

11.  He  is  being  praised. 

12.  They  are  building. 

13.  They  did  not  fear. 

14.  Thou  art  not  seen. 

15.  She  had  been  sent. 

16.  I  shall  have  written. 


Formula  for  Inversion  of  Sentences 

The  Subject  of  the  Active  Sentence  becomes  the  Ablative  of  Agent 
(or  Instrument)  in  the  Passive  Sentence.  The  Object  of  the  Active 
Sentence  becomes  the  Subject  of  the  Passive  Sentence. 


S.  V.  T.  O. 

Magister  laudat  puerum. 

s.  V.  p.  AB.  A. 

Puer  laudatur  a  magistro. 


It  will  be  found  useful  to  practise  this  inversion  by  turning  sentences 
from  Active  to  Passive  and  from  Passive  to  Active  in  any  Exercise  from 
No.  VIII. 


84 


ADJECTIVES 


COMPARISON   OF   ADJECTIVES 

Adjectives  have  three  degrees  of  Comparison,  viz.  — . 

Positive  Comparative 


Dur-us,  hard, 


dur-ior,  harder. 


Superlative 

,_    .    .  (  hardest. 

dur-issimus,  <  ,      , 

'  {  very  hard. 


Rule  for  forming  Degrees  of  Comparison" 

The  Comparative  is  formed  from  the  Genitive  Singular 
of  the  Positive  by  taking  away  the  Genitive  ending  -l  or 
-is,  and  adding  -ior  in  its  place ; 

Thus,  durus,  Genitive  dar-%,  Comparative  dur-ior. 

The  Superlative  is  formed  by  taking  away  the  Genitive 
Ending  and  adding  -issimus  in  its  place ; 

Thus,  durus,  Genitive  dur-l.  Superlative  dur-^ss^mus. 

Declension  of  Comparative  and  Superlative  Degrees 

All  Comparatives  are  declined  like  melior,  melius,  p.  62. 
All  Superlatives     "  "  "    bonus,  bona,  bonum. 


Positive 
Car-US,  dear, 
Long-US,  long, 
Trist-is,  sad, 
Dulc-is,  sweet, 
Felix,  happy, 
Ingens,  vast. 


EXAMPLES 

Comparative 
car-ior,  -ius, 
long-ior,  -ius, 
trist-ior,  -ius, 
dulc-ior,  -ius, 
felic-ior,  -ius, 
ingent-ior,  -ius, 


Superlative 
car-issimus,  -a,  -um. 
long-issimus,  -a,  -um. 
trist-issimus,  -a,  -um. 
dulc-issimus,  -a,  -um. 
felic-issimus,  -a,  -um. 
ingent-issimus,  -a,  -um. 


Rule— Two  Nouns  joined  by  *quam'  (than)  must  be  in  the 
same  Case  ;  thus,  Servus  est  felicior  quam  rex  =  the  slave  is  happier  than 
the  king.     Here  both  slave  and  kiiig  are  in  the  Nominative. 

Obs.  —  In  making  a  Comparison  between  two  nouns,  *quam '  (than)  may 
be  omitted ;  but  the  second  of  the  two  nouns  must  then  be  put  in  the 
Ablative  Case.  Thus,  Servus  est  felicior  rege  =  The  slave  is  happier  than 
the  king. 


ADJECTIVES  85 


EXERCISE    XXXIII 


1.  Amicus  mens  est  omnium  iudicum  sapientissimus. 

2.  Sagittae  nostrae  breviores  sunt  quam  hasta  tua. 

3.  Proximo  die  nuntium  velocissimum  ex  urbe  mis-i. 
4  Carmina  dulcissima  puellarum  non  audiv-istis. 

5.  Servi  miserl  onus  gravissimum  portav-erant. 

6.  Fortissimi  militum  nostrorum  a  Gallis  occis-i  erant. 

7.  Lentull  iudicis  sapientissimi  verba  lauda-bamus. 

8.  Templum  Dianae  altius  est  quam  murus  noster. 

9.  Multos  annos  in  urbe  iucundissima  mans-imus. 

10.  Nostri  libri  utiliores  sunt  quam  vestri  (libri). 

11.  Caium  occidisti,  omnium  civium  fortissimum. 

12.  Audaciorem  imperatorem  Caesare  non  vidi. 


1.  A  sweeter  song.  7.  By  a  very  bold  man. 

2.  The  heaviest  burden.  8.  By  a  heavier  stone. 

3.  Very  brave  (men).  9.  With  dearest  friends. 

4.  More  beautiful  girls.        10.  Sweeter  songs. 

5.  Of  a  shorter  letter.  11.  A  wiser  word. 

6.  Of  longer  spears.  12.  Of  heavier  darts. 

13.  The  spears  of  the  Gauls  are  longer  than  ours  {i^e.  our 

spears). 

14.  We  will  send  Caius  the  boldest  of  all  the  citizens. 

15.  The  songs  of  little  birds  are  sweeter  than  your  voice. 

16.  I  hear  the  voice  of  Lentulus,  a  very  brave  soldier. 

17.  To  a  wise  man  books  are  more  useful  than  spears. 

18.  We  have  not  seen  a  more  beautiful  land  than  Italy. 


86 


ADJECTIVES 


COMPARISON  OF  ADJECTIVES 


Adjectives  ending  in  -er 

Adjectives  in  -er  (like  niger  and  tener)  form  their  Com- 
parative according  to  the  rule  already  given  (p.  84),  but 
their  Superlative  is  formed  by  adding  -rimus  to  the  Mas- 
culine Nominative  Singular. 


Niger,  black, 
Tener,  tender, 
Pulcher,  beautiful, 


Com-parative 

nigr-ior,  -ius, 
tener-ior,  -ius, 
pulchr-ior,  -ius, 


Superlative 

niger-rimus,  -a,  -um. 
tener-rimus,  -a,  -um. 
pulcher-rimus,  -a,  -um. 


Six  Adjectives  form  Superlative  in  -lImus 


Positive 

Facil-is,  easy, 
Difficil-is,  difficult, 
Simil-is,  like, 
Dissimil-is,  unlike, 
Gracil-is,  slender, 
Humil-is,  low, 


Comparative 

facil-ior,  -ius, 
difficil-ior,  -ius, 
simil-ior,  -ius, 
dissimil-ior,  -ius, 
gracil-ior,  -ius, 
humil-ior,  -ius. 


Superlative 

facil-limus,  -a,  -um. 
difficil-limus,  -a,  -um. 
simil-limus,  -a,  -um. 
dissimil-limus,  -a,  -um. 
gracil-limus,  -a,  -um. 
humil-limus,  -a,  -um. 


Positive 

Bonus,  good. 
Mains,  bad, 
Magnus,  great, 
Parvus,  small, 

{  much,  ) 
'  ]  many,  ] 


Multus, 


Irregular 

Comparative 

meli-or,  -us, 
pei-or,  -us, 
mai-or,  -us, 
min-or,  -us, 
plus  (neut.),  1 


Superlative 

optimus,  -a,  -um. 
pessimus,  -a,  -um. 
maximus,  -a,  -um. 
minimus,  -a,  -um. 
plurimus,  -a,  -um. 


1  The  Declension  oiplus  is  irregular. 


ADJECTIVES  87 


EXERCISE   XXXIV 


1.  Patres  nostri  urbem  pulcherrimam  aedificav-erunt. 

2.  Optimum  donum  a  Lentulo  amico  meo  miss-um  est. 

3.  Virgines  pulcherrimae  carmen  melius  canta-bant. 

4.  Koma,  urbs  maxima,  a  Gallis  oppugnat-a  erit. 

5.  Naves  minores  fluctibus  et  vento  frang-entur. 

6.  Caium,  civem  pessimum,  ex  Italia  mis-eramus. 

7.  Verba  iudicis  optimi  ab  omnibus  lauda-buntur. 

8.  Imperatoris  filius  est  omnium  puerorum  minimus. 

9.  Verba  amici  tui  peiora  fu-erunt  quam  facta. 

10.  Servi  miserrimi  opus  difficillimum  time-bant. 

11.  Maxima  opera  militibus  nostris  sunt  facillima. 

12.  PlurimI  captivi  ab  hostibus  nostris  occid-ebantur. 

1.  We  have  seen  Eome,  the  largest  city  of  Italy. 

2.  Very  many  brave  (men)  were  slain  by  the  Gauls. 

3.  We  will  show  the  best  books  to  Julia,  your  sister. 

4.  Caesar,  with  a  very  large  army,  is  marching  into  Italy. 

5.  The  boldest  soldiers  feared  the  chariots  of  the  enemy. 

6.  You  have  never  seen  a  larger  river  than  the  Ehine. 

7.  The  books  were  written  by  Caius,  a  very  bad  judge. 

8.  A  very  great  forest  will  hinder  Caesar's  army. 

9.  The  best  citizens  are  praised  by  Romulus,  the  king. 

10.  The  deeds  of  many  (men)  are  better  than  (their)  words. 

11.  We  will  remain  many  days  in  a  very  beautiful  city. 

12.  The  worst  citizens  will  be  punished  by  the  judges. 


88  EXERCISES 

In  this  and  in  the  following  exercise  the  vowel-markings  have  been 
omitted  purposely.     The  pupil  may  be  required  to  supply  them. 

EXERCISE   XXXV 

1.  Dona  multa  a  lulia  sorore  tua  mitt-en tur. 

2.  Rex  noster  cum  filio  suo  ab  hostibus  occis-us  est. 

3.  Urbis  portae  lapide  ingenti  frang-ebantur. 

4.  Nuntii  veloces  in  urbem  reginae  miss-i  erant. 

5.  Hostium  naves  imperatori  nostro  utiles  erunt. 

6.  A  Caio,  magistro  sapientissimo,  non  culpa-beris. 

7.  Lentulo,  amico  tuo,  libros  nostros  monstra-bimus. 

8.  Imperatoris  verba  militibus  omnibus  nuntia-ntur. 

9.  Non  vid-imus  puellam  pulchriorem  quam  luliam. 

10.  Proximo  anno  multi  a  Gallis  occis-i  sunt. 

11.  Multos  dies  in  Italia  cum  Lentulo  mans-imus. 

12.  Exercitus  nostri  silvis  maximis  impedit-i  sunt. 

1.  Our  walls  are  higher  than  the  temple  of  Diana.^ 

2.  On  the  next  day  many  very  brave  (men)  were  slain. 

3.  The  words  of  the  wise  are  praised  by  all  good  (men). 

4.  The  gates  of  the  city  were  shut  at  the  second  hour. 

5.  The  Gauls,  our  enemies,  were  marching  into  Italy. 

6.  We  will  announce  your  words  to  Caesar,  the  general. 

7.  All  these  books  were  written  by  a  very  wise  (man). 

8.  We  will  march  with  your  soldiers  into  Italy. 

9.  The  boys  and  the  girls  will  have  been  praised  by  all. 

10.  The  king  and  the  queen  are  dear  to  all  the  citizens. 

11.  Many  ships  will  be  sent  by  the  brave  general. 

12.  You  have  heard  the  very  sweet  song  of  the  girls. 

1  Two  ways. 


EXERCISES  89 


EXERCISE   XXXVI 


1.  Eoma,  urbs  pulcherrima,  a  Gallis  oppugnat-a  erat. 

2.  Dulcis  est  vox  tua :  dulcius  est  avium  carmen. 

3.  Hostium  naves  maiores  erant  quam  nostrae  (naves). 

4.  Optimi  milites  ab  imperatore  forti  lauda-bantur. 

5.  Cains  amicus  tuns  plurimos  libros  scrips-it. 

6.  Lentnli  filius  omnium  iudicum  est  sapientissimus. 

7.  Servos  et  cives  pessimos  ex  urbe  mis-eramus. 

8.  Hastas  et  sagittas  plurimas  manibus  freg-imus. 

9.  Urbes  omnes  ab  imperatoribus  nostris  muni-untur. 

10.  Servi  miseri  onus  gravissimum  porta-bant. 

11.  Cives  omnes  iudicis  sapientis  verba  lauda-nt. 

12.  Currus  et  naves  hostium  non  time-bimus. 

1.  The  wall  is  high:  the  temple  of  Diana  is  higher. 

2.  We  will  send  a  swifter  messenger  than  your  slave. 

3.  The  armies  of  the  Gauls  are  larger  than  our  (armies).^ 

4.  The  name  of  the  queen  is  dear  to  many  brave  (men); 

5.  Your  words  are  wise  :  your  books  will  be  very  useful. 

6.  She  was  wounded  with  a  heavy  spear  by  the  slave. 

7.  We  will  not  march  with  your  general  into  Italy. 

8.  On  the  next  day  we  sent  a  swift  messenger  to  the  city. 

9.  Many  captives  are  being  led  by  Caesar  into  the  town, 

10.  A  slave  was  sitting  in  the  generaFs  chariot. 

11.  The  judge's  sons  were  blamed  by  all  wise  men. 

12.  The  captives  will  remain  many  years  in  the  town, 

1  Two  ways. 


APPENDIX 


NOUNS 
FIRST  DECLENSION.    Gen.  Sing. -ae 


Singular 
Nom.  Mens-a,  a  table  (/.). 
Gen.    Mens-ae,  of  a  table. 
Dat.    Mens-ae,  to  or  for  a  table. 
Ace.    Mens-am,  a  table.    ' 
Voc.    Mens-a,  0  table. 
Abl,     Mens-a,  by,  with,  or  from  a  tab 


Plural 

Mens-ae,  tables. 

Mens-arum,  of  tables. 

Mens-is,  to  or  for  tables. 

Mens-as,  tables. 

Mens-ae,  O  tables. 

Mens-is,  by,  with,  or  from  tables. 


SECOND   DECLENSION.     Gen.  Sing,  -l 

a.  Masculine 


Singular 

Plural 

Nam. 

Domin-us,  a  lord  (m.). 

Nom. 

Domin-i,  lords. 

Gen. 

Domin-i 

Gen. 

Domin-orum 

Dat. 

Domin-6 

Dat. 

Domin-is 

Ace. 

Domin-um 

Ace. 

Domin-os 

Voc. 

Domin-e 

Voc. 

Domin-i 

Abl. 

Domin-o 

Abl. 

Domin-is 

Nom. 

Magister,  a  master  (m.). 

Nom. 

Magistr-i,  masters. 

Gen. 

Magistr-i 

Gen. 

Magistr-orum 

Dat. 

Magistr-o 

Dat. 

Magistr-is 

Ace. 

Magistr-um 

Ace. 

Magistr-os 

Voc. 

Magister 

Voc. 

Magistr-i 

Abl. 

Magistr-6 

Abl. 

Magistr-is 

Nom. 

Puer,  aboy  (m.). 

Nom. 

Puer-i,  boys. 

Gen. 

Puer-i 

Gen. 

Puer-orum 

Dat. 

Puer-o 

Dat. 

Puer-is 

Ace. 

Puer-um 

Ace. 

Pner-os 

Voc. 

Puer 

Voe. 

Puer-i 

Abl. 

Puer-o 

Abl. 

Puer-is 

b.  Neuter 


Singular 

Nom.  Bell-um,  war  (n.). 

Gen.  Bell-i 

Dat.  Bell-6 

Aec.  Bell-um 

Voc.  Bell-um 

Abl.  BeU-o 


Plural 
Nom.  Bell-a,  wars. 
Gen.    Bell-orum 
Dat.    Bell-is 
Ace.    Bell-a 
Voc.    Bell-a 
Abl.     BeU-is 


92 


THIRD    DECLENSION 


THIRD  DECLENSION.     Gen.  Sing,  -is 
INCREASING  NOUNS.     Gen.  Plur.  -urn 


a.   Masculine  and  Feminine 


ludex  (m.)  =  judge 


Virgo  (/.)  =  virgin 


Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

Nom 

Judex 

ludic-es 

Nom.  Virgd 

Virgin-es 

Gen. 

ludic-is 

ludic-um 

Gen.    Virgin-is 

Virgin-um 

Dat. 

ludic-i 

ludic-ibus 

Dat.    Virgin-i 

Virgiu-ibus 

Ace. 

ludic-em 

ludic-es 

Ace.    Virgin-em 

Virgin-es 

Voc. 

ludex 

ludic-es 

Voc.    Virgo 

Virgin-es 

Abl. 

ludic-e 

ludic-ibus 

Abl.     Virgin -e 

Virgin-ibus 

b.  Neuter 

Nomen  (n.)  = 

=  Name 

Opus  (n.)  = 

=  work 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

Nom. 

Nomen 

Nomin-a 

Nom.  Opus 

Oper-a 

Gen. 

N6min-is 

Nomin-um 

Gen.    Oper-is 

Oper-um 

Dat. 

N6min-i 

Nomin-ibus 

Dat.    Oper-i 

Oper-i  bus 

Ace. 

Nomen 

Nomin-a 

Ace.    Opus 

Oper-a 

Voc. 

Nomen 

Nomin-a 

Voc.    Opus 

Oper-a 

Abl. 

Nomin-e 

N5min-ibus 

Abl.     Oper-e 

Oper-i  bus 

NOT-INCREASING  NOUNS.    Gen.  Plur.  -ium 


a.  Masculine  and  Feminine 

h. 

Neuter 

Ovis 

(/.)  = 

=  sheep 

Mare  («.] 

=  sea 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

Nom.  Ov-is 

Ov-es 

Nom. 

Mar-e 

Mar-ia 

Gen.    Ov-is 

Ov-ium 

Gen. 

Mar-is 

Mar-ium 

Dat.    Ov-i 

Ov-ibus 

Dat. 

Mar-i 

Mar-ibus 

Ace.    Ov-em 

Ov-es 

Ace. 

Mar-e 

Mar-ia 

Voc.    Ov-is 

Ov-es 

Voc. 

Mar-e 

Mar-ia 

AbL     Ov-e 

Ov-ibus 

AbL 

Mar-i 

Mar-ibus 

ADJECTIVES 


93 


FOURTH  DECLENSION.    Gen.  Sing,  -uj 


a.  Masculine  and 

h. 

Neuter 

Feminine 

(few) 

Gradus  (m. 

)  =  step 

Genu 

(n.)  =  knee 

Singular 

Plural 

Singular 

Plural 

Nom. 

Grad-us 

Grad-us 

Nom. 

Gen-u 

Gen-ua 

Gen. 

Grad-us 

Grad-uum 

Gen. 

Gen-US 

Gen-uum 

Dat. 

Grad-ui  (u) 

Grad-ibus 

Dat. 

Gen-u 

Gen-ibus  (ubus) 

Ace. 

Grad-um 

Grad-us 

Ace. 

Gen-u 

Gen-ua 

Voc. 

Grad-us 

Qrad-us 

Voc. 

Gen-u 

Gen-ua 

Abl. 

Grad-u 

Grad-ibus 

Abl. 

Gen-u 

Gen-ibus  (ubus) 

FIFTH  DECLENSION.     Gen.  Sing,  -ei 

Mostly  Feminine 


Dies  {m.,f.)  =  dai/ 

Singular  Plural 

Nom.  Di-es  Di-es 

Gen.    Di-ei  Di-erum 

Dat.    Di-ei  Di-ebus 

Ace.    Di-era  Di-es 

Voe.     Di-es  Di-es 

Abl.    Di-e  Di-ebus 


Res  {/.)  =  thing,  matter 


SiJ 

7GULAR 

Plural 

Nom 

Res 

Res 

Gen. 

Rei 

Rerum 

Dat. 

Rei 

Rebus 

Aec. 

Rem 

Res 

Voc. 

Res 

Res 

Abl. 

Re 

Rebus 

ADJECTIVES   OP   FIRST   AND    SECOND 
DECLENSIONS 


Masc. 
Nom.  Bon-US 
Gen.  Bon-i 
Bon-o 
Bon-um 
Bon-e 
Bon-o 


Dat. 
Ace. 
Voc. 
Abl. 


Singular 
Fern, 
bon-a 
bon-ae 
bon-ae 
bon-am 
bon-a 
bon-a 


Neut. 
bon-um 
bon-i 
bon-6 
bon-um 
bon-um 
bon-6 


Nom.  Niger 
Gen.  Nigr-i 
Dat.  Nigr-o 
Ace.  Nigr-um 
Voc.  Niger 
Abl.    Nigr-o 


nigr-a  nigr-um 

nigr-ae  nigr-i 

nigr-ae  nigr-6 

nigr-am  nigr-um 

nigr-a  nigr-um 

nigr-a  nigr-6 


Nom.  Tener  tener-a      tener-um 

Gen.  Tener-i  tener-ae     tener-i 

Dat.    Tener-6  tener-ae    tener-6 

Ace.    Tener-um  tener-am  tener-um 

Voc.    Tener  tener-a       tener-um 

Abl.    Tener-6  tener-a      tener-6 


Masc. 
Bon-i 
Bon-6rum 
Bon-is 
Bon-6s 
Bon-i 
Bon-is 


Plural 

Fern, 
bon-ae 
bon-arum 
bon-is 
bon-as 
bon-ae 
bon-is 


Neut. 
bon-a 
bon-6rum 
bon-is 
bon-a 
bon-a 
bonis 


Nigr-i  nigr-ae  nigr-a 

Nigr-6rum  nigr-arum  nigr-6rum 

Nigr-is  nigr-is  nigr-is 

Nigr-6s  nigr-as  nigr-a 

Nigr-i  nigr-ae  nigr-a 

Nigr-is  nigr-is  nigr-is 

Tener-i  tener-ae  tener-a 

Tener-6rum  tener-arum  tener-6rum 

Tener-is  tener-is  tener-is 

Tener-6s  tener-as  tener-a 

Tener-i  tener-ae  tener-a 

Tener-is  tener-is  tener-is 


94 


NUMERALS 


ADJECTIVES   OP   THIRD   DECLENSION 

Singular  Singular 


Masc.    Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc.    Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom 

.  Melior 

Melius,  better 

Nom 

Trist-is 

Trist-e,  sad 

Gen. 

Melior-is 

Melior-is 

Gen. 

Trist-is 

Trist-is 

Dat. 

Melior-i 

Melior-i 

Dat. 

Trist-i 

Trist-i 

Ace. 

Melior-em 

Melius 

Ace. 

Trist-em 

Trist-e 

Voc. 

Melior 

Melius 

Voc. 

Trist-is 

Trist-e 

Abl. 

MeliOr-e  or  -i 

Melior-e  or  -i 

Abl. 

Trist-i 

TrisM 

Plural 

Plurai 

Masc.    Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc.    Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom 

Melior-es 

Melior-a 

Nojn 

Trist-es 

Trist-ia 

Gen, 

Melior-um 

Melior-um 

Gen. 

Trist-ium 

Trist-ium 

Dat. 

Melior-i  bus 

Melior-ibus 

Dat. 

Trist-i  bus 

Trist-ibus 

Ace. 

Melior-es 

Melior-a 

Ace. 

Trist-es 

Trist-ia 

Voc. 

Melior-es 

Melior-a 

Voc. 

Trist-es 

Trist-ia 

Abl 

Melior-ibus 

Melior-ibus 

Abl. 

Trist-i  bus 

Trist-ibus 

Singular 

Singular 

Masc.     Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc.    Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom 

Felix 

Felix,  happy 

Nojn 

Ingeus, 

Ingens,  huge 

Gen. 

Felic-is 

Felic-is 

Gen. 

Ingeiit-is 

Ingent-is 

Dat. 

Felic-i 

Felic-i 

Dat. 

Ingent-i 

Ingent-i 

Ace. 

Felic-em 

Felix 

Ace. 

Ingeut-em 

Ingens 

Voc. 

Felix 

Felix 

Voc. 

Ingeus 

Ingens 

Abl. 

Felic-i  or  -e 

Felic-i  or  -e 

Abl. 

Ingent-i  or  -e 

Ingent-i  or  -e 

Plural 

Plural 

Masc.    Fern. 

Neut. 

Masc.    Fern. 

Neut. 

Nom 

Felic-es 

Felic-ia 

Nom 

.  Ingent-es 

Ingent-ia 

Gen. 

Felic-ium 

Felic-ium 

Gen. 

Ingent-ium 

Ingent-ium 

Dat. 

Felic-ibus 

Felic-ibus 

Dat. 

Ingent-ibus 

Ingent-ibus 

Ace. 

Felic-es 

Felic-ia 

Ace. 

Ingeut-es 

Ingent-ia 

Voc. 

Felic-es 

Felic-ia 

Voc. 

Ingent-es 

Ingent-ia 

Abl. 

Felic-ibus 

Felic-ibus 

Abl. 

Ingent-ibus 

Ingent-ibus 

NUMERALS  (up  to  20) 


I.  unus. 
II.  duo. 

III.  tres. 

IV.  quattuor. 
V.  quinque. 

VI.  sex. 

7.  VII.  septem. 

8.  VIII.  octO. 

9.  IX.  novem. 
10.       X.  decern. 


1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 


11. 

XI. 

undecim. 

12. 

XII. 

duodecim. 

13. 

XIII. 

tredecim. 

14. 

XIV. 

quattuordecim 

15. 

XV. 

quindecim. 

16. 

XVI. 

sedecim. 

17. 

XVII. 

septendecim. 

18. 

XVIII. 

duodeviginti. 

19. 

XIX. 

undeviginti. 

20. 

XX. 

viginti. 

VERBS 


95 


THE   VERB   SUM.    'I   Am' 


Present  Stem  ES- 


Present 

Imperfect 

Future  Simple 

I  am. 

I  was. 

I  shall  be. 

Sing.  1. 

Sum 

eram 

ero 

2. 

es 

eras 

eris 

3. 

es-t 

erat 

erit 

Plur.  1. 

sumus 

eramus 

erimus 

2. 

es-tis 

eratis 

eritis 

3. 

sunt 

erant 

erunt 

Perfect  Stem  Fu- 


Perfect  and  Aorist 

Pluperfect 

Future  Perfect 

I  have  been.     I  was. 

/  had  been. 

/  shall  have  been. 

Sing.  1. 

Fu-i 

fu-eram 

fu-ero 

2. 

fu-isti 

fu-eras 

fu-eris 

3. 

fu-it 

fu-erat 

fu-erit 

Plur.  1. 

fu-imus 

fu-erarnus 

fu-erimus 

2. 

fu-istis 

fu-eratis 

fu-eritis 

3. 

f u-erunt  oi^  -ere 

fu-erant 

f  u-erint 

96 


VERBS 


ACTIVE 
Present  Stem  Tenses 


Present 

Imperfect 

Future  Simple 

/  /oi-e,  am  loving, 

.2 

do  hue. 

/  was  loving. 

I  shall  love. 

?n 

Sing.  1. 

A  mo 

ama-bani 

ama-bo 

be 

2. 

ama-s 

ama-bas 

ama-bis 

o 

3. 

ama-t 

ama-bat 

ama-bit 

O 

Plur.  1. 

ama-mus 

ama-bamus 

ama-bimus 

-^ 
J 

2. 

ama-tis 

ania-batis 

ama-bitis 

PJM 

3. 

ama-nt 

ama-bant 

ama-bunt 

a 

/  advise,  am  adcis- 

o 

ing,  do  advise. 

/  was  advising. 

/  shall  advise. 

SiDg.  1. 

Mone-6 

mone-bam 

mone-bo 

'? 

2. 

mone-s 

mone-bas 

inone-bis 

6 

3. 

mone-t 

mone-bat 

mone-bit 

P 
o 

Plur.  1. 

mone-mus 

mone-bamus 

mone-bimus 

2. 

mone-tis 

mone-batis 

mone-bitis 

.0) 

3. 

mone-nt 

mone-bant 

moue-bunt 

/  rule,  am  ruling, 

d 
.2 

do  rule. 

/  was  ruling. 

/  shall  rule 

1 

Sing.  1. 

J{Qg-o 

reg-ebam 

reg-am 

^fl 

2. 

reg-is 

reg-ebas 

reg-es 

¥ 

3. 

reg-it 

reg-ebat 

reg-et 

Plur.  1. 

regi-mus 

reg-ebamus 

reg-emus 

.52 

2. 

reg-itis 

reg-ebatis 

reg-etis 

H 

3. 

reg-unt 

reg-ebant 

reg-ent 

a 

I  hear,  am  hear- 

.2 

ing,  do  hear. 

/  was  hearing. 

/  shall  hear. 

1 

Sing.  1. 

Audi-o 

audi-ebam    • 

audi-am 

s 

2. 

audi-s 

audi-ebas 

audi-es* 

6 

3. 

audi-t 

audi-ebat 

audi-et 

r^ 

Plur.  1. 

audi-mus 

audi-ebamus 

audi-emus 

2. 

audi-tis 

audi-ebatis 

audi-etis 

pS 

3. 

audi-unt 

audi-ebant 

audi-ent 

VERBS 

VOICE 

Perfect  Stem  Tenses 


97 


Pkbtbct  and  Ao^t 

Plupkbtbct 

Future  Pxrfkgt 

/  have  loved.  • 
I  loved. 

/  had  loved. 

/  shall  have  loved. 

Sing.  1. 

amav-i 

amav-eram 

amav-ero 

2. 

amav-isti     ' 

amav-eras 

amav^ris 

3. 

amav-it 

^mav-erat 

amav-erit 

Plur.  1. 

amav-imus 

amav-e  ramus 

amav-erimus 

2. 

amav-istis 

amav-eratis 

amav-eritis 

3. 

amav-erunt  or  -ere 

amav-eraut 

amav-erint 

/  have  advised. 
I  advised. 

/  had  advised. 

/  shall  have  advised. 

Sing.  1. 

monu-i 

monu-eram 

monu-ero 

2. 

monu-isti 

monu-eras 

monu-eris 

3. 

monu-it 

monu-erat 

monu-firit 

Plur.  1. 

monu-imus 

monu-eramus 

monu-erimus 

2. 

monu-istis 

monu-eratis 

monu-eritis 

3. 

monu-erunt  or  -ere 

monu-erant 

monu-erint 

I  have  ruled. 
I  ruled. 

/  had  ruled. 

1  shall  have  ruled. 

Sing.  1. 

rex-i 

rex-eram 

rex-er5 

2. 

rex-isti 

rex-eras 

rex-eris 

3. 

rex-it 

rex-erat 

rex-erit 

Plur.  1. 

rex-imus 

rex-eramus 

rex-erimus 

2. 

rex-istis 

rex-eratis 

rex-eritis 

3. 

rex-erunt  or  -ere 

rex-erant 

rex-erint 

/  have  heard. 
I  heard. 

I  had  heard. 

/  shall  have  heard. 

Sing.  1. 

2. 

3. 
Plur.  1. 

2. 

3. 

audiv-i 

audiv-isti 

audiv-it 

audiv-imus 

audiv-istis 

audiv-erunt  or  -ere 

audiv-eram 

audiv-eras 

audiv-erat 

audiv-eramus 

audiv-eratis 

audiv-erant 

audiv-ero 

audiv-eris 

audiv-erit 

audiv-erimus 

audiv-eritis 

audiv-erint 

98 


VERBS 

PASSIVE] 

Present  Stem  Tenses 


Present 

Imperpbct 

Future  Simple 

a 
o 

/  am  being  loved. 

/  was  being  loved. 

1  shall  be  loved. 

'i 

Sing.  1. 

Amo-r 

ama-bar 

ama-bor 

be 

2 

ama-ris  or  -re 

ama-baris  or  -bare 

aina-beris  or -bere 

G 

3. 

ama-tur 

ama-batur 

ama-bitur 

6 

Plur.  1. 

ama-niur 

ama-bamur 

ama-bimur 

t 

2. 

ama-mini 

ama-bamini 

ama-bimini 

s 

3. 

ania-ntur 

ama-bantur 

ama-buntur 

§ 

I  am  being  advised. 

/  was  being  advised. 

/  shall  be  advised. 

§)  Sing.  1 

Mone-or 

mone-bar 

mone-bor 

p  ■ 
'a* 

2. 

mone-ris  or  -re 

inone-baris  or  -bare 

mone-beris  or  -bere 

8 

3. 

mone-tur 

inoiie-batur 

mone-bitur 

x; 

Plur.  1. 

mone-mur 

inone-bamur 

mone-bimur 

3 

2 

mone-mini 

mone-bamini 

mone-bimiui 

eg 

3. 

mone-ntur 

mone-bantiir 

mone-buntur 

I  am  being  ruled. 

/  was  being  ruled. 

/  shall  be  ruled. 

1) 

Sing.  1. 

Reg-or 

reg-ebar 

reg-ar 

P 

2. 

reg-eris  or  -ere 

reg-ebaris  or-  ebare 

reg-eris  or  -ere 

¥ 

3. 

reg-itur 

reg-ebatur 

reg-etur 

.1 

Plur.  1. 

reg-imur 

reg-ebamur 

reg-emur 

2. 

reg-imjni 

reg-ebamiui 

reg-emini 

? 

3. 

reg-untur 

reg-ebantur 

reg-entur 

d 

o 

'5 

I  am  being  heard. 

/  was  being  heard. 

/  shall  be  heard. 

1 

Sing.  1. 

Audi-or 

audi-ebar 

audi-ar 

a 

2. 

audi-ris  or  -re 

audi-ebaris  or  -ebare 

audi-eris  or  -ere 

o 

3 

audi-tur 

audi-ebatur 

audi-etur 

^ 

Plur.  1. 

audi-mur 

audi-ebamur 

audi-emur 

2. 

audi-mini 

audi-ebamini 

audi-einini 

^ 

3. 

audi-untur 

audi-ebantur 

audi-entur 

VERBS 

VOICE 

Supine  Stem  Tenses 


99 


Perfect  and  Aoeist 

Pluperfect 

Future  Perfect 

/  have  been,  I  was, 
iored. 

/  had  been  loved. 

/  shall  have  been 
loved. 

Siug.  1. 

amat-U3  sum 

amat-us  eram 

amat-us  ero 

2. 

amat-us  es 

amat-us  eras 

amat-us  eris 

3. 

a  mat-US  est 

amat-us  erat 

amat-us  erit 

Plur.  1. 

aniat-i  sumus 

amat-i  eramus 

an)at-i  erimus 

2. 

amat-i  estis 

amat-i  erat  is 

amat-i  eritis 

3. 

amat-i  sunt 

amat-i  erant 

amat-i  erunt 

/  have  been,  I  was, 
advised. 

/  had  been  advised. 

/  shall  have  been 
advised. 

Sing.  1. 

mon it-US  sum 

monit-us  eram 

monit-us  ero 

2. 

monit-us  es 

monit-us  eras 

monit-us  eris 

3. 

mon  it-US  est 

monit-us  erat 

monit-us  erit 

Plur.  1. 

monit-i  sumus 

monit-i  eramus 

monit-i  erimus 

2. 

monit-i  estis 

monit-i  eratis 

monit-i  eritis 

3. 

monit-i  sunt 

monit-i  erant 

monit-i  erunt 

/  have  been,  J  was, 
ruled. 

/  had  been  ruled. 

/  shall  have  been 
ruled. 

Siug.  1. 

rect-us  sum 

rect-us  eram 

rect-us  ero 

2. 

rect-us  es 

rect-us  eras 

rect-us  eris 

3. 

rect-us  est 

rect-us  erat 

rect-us  erit 

Plur.  1. 

rect-i  sumus 

rect-i  eramus 

rect-i  erimus 

2. 

rect-i  estis 

rect-i  eratis 

rect-i  eritis 

3. 

rect-i  sunt 

rect-i  erant 

rect-I  erunt 

/  have  been,  I  was, 
heard. 

I  had  been  heard. 

/  shall  have  been 
heard. 

Sing.  1. 

audit-US  sum 

audit-us  eram 

audit-us  ero 

2. 

audit-US  es 

audit-US  eras 

audit-US  eris 

3. 

audit-US  est 

audit-US  erat 

audit-us  erit 

Plur.  1. 

audit-i  sumus 

audit-i  eramus 

audit-i  erimus 

2. 

audit-i  estis 

audit-i  eratis 

audit-i  eritis 

3. 

audit-i  sunt 

audit-i  erant 

audit-i  erunt 

SUMMARY   OF   RULES 

1.  The  Subject  of  the  Sentence  is  in  the  Nominative 
Case  (p.  24). 

2.  The  Verb  agrees  with  its  Subject  in  Person  and 
Number  (p.  24). 

Obs.  that  when  the  Subject  consists  of  two  or  more  Nouns  joined  by 
•and,'  the  Verb  must  be  Plural  (p.  36). 

3.  The  Object  of  a  Transitive  Verb  is  in  the  Accus- 
ative Case  (p.  26). 

Obs.  that  all  the  members  of  a  compound  object  are  in  the  Accus- 
ative Case. 

4.  An   Adjective   agrees  with  its  Noun  in  Gender, 
Number,  and   Case    (p.  38). 

Obs.  1.  —  That  it  is  not  always  true  that  the  Adjective  and  Noun  have 
the  same  endings  (p.  50). 

Obs.  2.  —  That  when  an  Adjective  modifies  two  or  more  Nouns  of 
different  Genders  the  Adjective  agrees  with  the  Masculine  rather  than  with  the 
Feminine  (p.  68). 

Obs.  3.  — The  Substantive  use  of  Adjectives  (p.  70). 

5.  The  Genitive  Case  is  used  to  denote  Possession 
(p.  44). 

6.  The  Complement  with  a  Copulative  Verb  agrees 
with  the  Subject  (p.  54). 

7.  Instrument  or  Means  is  expressed  by  the  Ablative 
Case  without  a  Preposition  (p.  60).  ... -^....^ 

f  ^^  Of    THE 

UNIVERSITY 

or 


102  SUMMARY   OF   RULES 

8.  Personal  Agent  with  a  Passive  Verb  is  expressed  by 
the  Ablative  Case  with  the  Preposition  '  a*  or  '  ab  '  (p.  60). 

Obs.  1.  — That  'ab'  is  used  before  Vowels  or  Consonants,  but  *a'  only 
before  Vowels  and  h  (p.  61). 

Obs.  2.  —  That  *  by  a  Thing'  is  Ablative  of  Means  and  '  b}^  a  Person '  is 
Ablative  of  Agent  when  the  Verb  is  Passive. 

9.  An  Appositive  agrees  in  Case  with  the  Noun  which 
it  modifies  (p.  64). 

Obs.  —  Sometimes  called  a  Noun  in  Apposition. 

10.  Accompaniment  is  expressed  by  the  Ablative  Case 
with  the  Preposition  '  cum '  (p.  72). 

11.  The  Indirect  Object  of  a  Verb  is  put  in  the  Dative 
Case  (p.  74). 

Obs.  —  This  use  of  the  Dative  is  common  with  Verbs  meaning  to  give, 
to  tell,  and  to  show. 

12.  Motion  towards  a  Person,  Place,  or  Thing  is  ex- 
pressed by  the  Accusative  Case  with  the  Preposition  *  ad ' 
or  4n '  (p.  74). 

(With  town-names  and  a  few  other  words  the  Preposition  is  omitted.) 

13.  Place  'where'  or  'in  which'  is  expressed  by  the 
Ablative  Case  with  the  Preposition  '  in '  (p.  76). 

(Town-names  and  a  few  other  words  require  a  different  Case.) 

14.  Time  'when'  is  expressed  by  the  Ablative  Case 
(p.  78). 

15.  Time  'how  long'  is  expressed  by  the  Accusative 
Case  (p.  78). 

(Sometimes  called  Duration  of  Time.) 

16.  Two  Nouns  joined  by  'quam'  (than)  must  be  in 
the  same  Case  (p.  84). 

Obs.-^ln  making  a  Comparison  between  two  Nouns  'quam '  (than)  may- 
be omitted ;  but  the  second  of  the  two  Nouns  must  then  be  put  in  the  Ablative 
Case. 


VOCABULARY 


Nouns.  —  The  Nomhiative  Singular,  the  Genitive  Singular,  and 
the  Gender  are  given.  The  Declension  is  known  from  the  ending  of 
the  Genitive. 


Declensions 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

Genitives 

-ae 

i 

-I» 

-us 

-Ii 

Adjectives.  —  Adjectives  like  bonus,  niger,  or  tener  have  the  three  termi- 
nations of  Nominative  Singular  given.  Most  other  Adjectives  are  referred 
to  their  types. 

Verbs.  —  The  First  Person  Singular  of  the  Present  and  the  Con- 
jugation of  all  Verbs  are  given.  The  Perfect  and  Supine  are  also  given 
when  they  are  not  regular,  and  the  Present  Stem  of  the  First  Conjugation 
is  given  (in  parentheses).  The  Stem  is  marked  off  from  the  termination 
by  a  hyphen,  thus : 

Present  Perfect  Supine 

Mitt-o,  mis-i,  miss-um 


LATIN-ENGLISH 


aedifico  (aedijicd-),  (1),  to  build. 
ae-ger,  -gra,  -grum,  sick. 
alt-US,  -a,  -Mm,  high,  deep. 
amic-uSy  -i,  m.  a  friend. 
ann-us,  -i,  m.  a  year. 
aqu-a,  -ae,  f .  water. 
arc-uSj  -us,  m.  a  bow. 
au-ddx,  -ddcis,  bold  [Vikei  felix) . 
av-is,  -is,  f.  a  bird. 

br^v-is,  -e,  short. 

Caes-ar,  -dris,  m.  Caesar  (a  name). 
Cai-us,  -I,  m.  Cains  (a  name). 
canto  (cantd-),  fl),  to  sing. 
raptiv-us,  -i,  m.  a  captive. 
carmen,  carmln-is,  n.  a  song. 
cdr-Hs,  -a,-um,,  dear. 
civ-is,  -is,  m.  a  citizen. 


claud-o,  claus-if  c/aus-nm,  (3),  to  shut. 
contend-o,  contend-l,  (3),  to  march. 
culpo  {culpa-),  (1),  to  blame. 
curr-us,  -Us,  m.  a  chariot. 
custodi-o,  (4),  to  guard. 

Didn-a,  -ae,  f.  Diana  (a  goddess). 

ddce-o,  ddcu-i,  ddct-um,  (2),  to  teach. 

don-um,  -i,  n.  a  gift. 

duc-o,  dux-i,  duct-um,  (3),  to  lead. 

dur-us,  -a,  -um,  hard. 

dulc-is,  -e,  sweet. 

Spist6l-a,  -ae,  f.  a  letter. 

erudi-o,    erudi  -i,    erudit-um,    (4),    to 

instruct. 
^t,  and. 
exercit'us,  -Us,  m.  an  army. 


104 


VOCABL  LARY  —  LATIN-ENGLISH 


fact-um,  -I,  n.  a  deed. 

/i/f-ns,  -t,  m.  a  son. 

Jiuinen,jfluinin-is,  n.  a  river. 

furUus,  -us,  m.  a  wave. 

fort-is,  brave  (like  tristis). 

f ranged,  freg-l,  frdct-um,  (3),  to  break. 

Gall-US,  -I.  m.  a  Gaul. 

g^r-d,gess-t,  gest-um,  (3),  to  carry  on. 

grac-is,  heavy  (like  tristis). 

hast-a,  -ae,  f.  a  spear. 
host-is,  -is,  m.  an  enemy. 
hoj'-a,  -ae,  f.  an  hour. 

igndv-us,  -a,  -um,  idle. 
tmp^di-o,  (4),  to  hinder. 
impird-tor,  -toris,  m.  a  general. 
ira,  -ae,  f .  anger. 
Itali-a,  -ae,  f.  Italy. 

iucund-us^  -a,  -um,  pleasant. 
Ixdia,  -ae,  f.  Julia. 

lapis,  lapid-is,  m.  a  stone. 
laudo  {laudd-),  (1),  to  praise. 
Lentul-us,  -i,  Lentulus  (a  name). 
led,  leon-is,  m.  a  lion, 
lex,  leg-is,  f.  a  law. 
liber,  libr-i,  m.  a  book. 
long-US,  -a,  -um,  long. 

mdgn-us,  -a,  -um,  great. 

viane-o,    mdns-i,    mdns-um,     (2),    to 

remain. 
man-US,  -us,  f.  a  hand. 
mSli-or,  -oris,  better  (compar.  bonus), 
mens-a,  -ae,  f.  a  table. 
me-us,  -a,  -um,  my,  mine. 
miles,  mllit-is,  m.  a  soldier. 
mis-er,  -^ra,  -Srum,  wretched. 
miit-o,  mis-i,  mias-um,  (3),  to  send. 
monstro  (monstrd-),  (1),  to  show. 
mdve-o,  mov-l,  mot-um,  (2),  to  move. 
mult-usy  -a,  -um,  much,  many. 
muni-o,  (4),  to  fortify. 
mur-us,  -I,  m.  a  wall. 

ndv-is,  -is,  f.  a  ship. 

nos-ter,  -tra^  -trum,  our,  ours. 

nunquam,  never  (adv.). 

nuntio  [nuntid-),  (1),  to  announce, 

declare. 
nunti-us  -i,  m.  a  messenger. 


occid-o,  occid-i,  occis-fim ,  (3),  to  kill, 

slay. 
dnus,  onSt^is,  n.  a  burden. 
omn-is,  all  (like  trisfs). 
0}ipid-um,  -I.  n.  a  touii. 
oppugno  (opjmt/nd-),  (Ij,  to  attack, 

assault. 
djms,  op€r-is,  n.  a  work 

parv-us,  -a,  -um,  small,  little. 

pater,  patr-is,  m.  father. 

patri-a,  -(le,  f.  country,  fatherland. 

port-a,  -ae,  f .  a  gate. 

porto  (porld-)  (1),  to  carry. 

prim-us,  -a,  -um,  first. 

proxim-us,  -a,  -um,  next. 

pnell-a,  -ae,  f.  a  girl. 

pUgno  {pugnd-),  ( 1),  to  fight. 

pnl-cher,  -chra,  -chriun,  beautiful. 

pdui-o,  (4),  to  punish. 

regin-a,  -ae,  f.  a  queen. 
rex,  reg-is,  m   a  king. 
rdgo  [rogd),  (1),  to  ask. 
Rom-a,  -ae;  f   Kome. 
rot-a,  -ae,  f.  a  wheel. 

sdgitt-a,  -ae,  i.  an  arrow. 
sdlto  (saltd-),  (1),  to  dance. 
sapi-ens,  -entis  (like  ingens),  wise. 
scrib-d,scrlps-i,  script-um,  (3), to  write. 
sd'cund-us,  -a,  -um,  second. 
s^de-o,  sed-i,  sess-um,  (2),  to  sit. 
serv-us,  -I,  m,  a  slave. 
silv-a,  -ae,  f.  a  wood,  forest. 
sdr-or,  -oris,  f.  a  sister. 

tel-um,  -I,  n.  a  dart,  Aveapon. 

templ-um,  -I,  n.  a  temple. 

tSne-o,  (2),  to  hold. 

terre-o,  (2),  to  frighten. 

time-o,  (2),  to  fear. 

timid-US,  -a,  -um,  timid. 

trist-is,  sad,  sorrowful. 

turr-is,  -is,  f.  a  tower. 

tu-us,  -a,  -um,  thy,  thine,  your,  yours. 

urbs,  urb-is,  f.  a  city. 
Hfil-is,  useful  (like  tristis). 
relax,  veloc-is,  swift  {like /elix), 
vent-US,  -i,  m.  wind. 
verb-um,  -i,  u.  a  word. 


VOCABULARY  —  LATIN- ENGLISH 


105 


vtde-d,  vid-i,  vls-um,  (2),  to  see. 
innc-o,  vic-i,  vtcUum,  (3),  to  coDquer. 
vdco  [vocd-)^  (1),  to  call. 


vdlo  {void-),  (1),  to  fly. 

vox,  I'dc-ls,  f.  a  voice. 

vuln^ro  (vulnerd-),  (1),  to  wound. 


ENGLISH-LATIN 


all,  omn-is  (like  tristls). 

and,  et. 

anger,  ir-a,  -ae,  f. 

announce  (to),  nuntio  (nuntid-),  (1). 

army,  exercit-uSy  -ms,  m. 

arrow,  sagitt-a,  -ae,  f. 

ask  (to),  rdyd  {rogd-)^  (1). 

attack  (to),  oppugno  (oppugnd-),  (1). 

beautiful,  pul-cher,  -chra,  -chrum. 

better,  m€lior,  melioris. 

bird,  du-is,  -is,  f. 

blame  (to),  culpo  [culpd-],  (I). 

bold,  auddx,  auddc-is  (like  felix). 

book,  liber,  libr-i. 

bow,  arc-US,  -us. 

brave, yoj'^is  (like  trlstis). 

break  (to),  frang-o,  freg-i,  frdct-um, 

(3). 
build  (to),  aedlfico  {aedijicd-),  (I). 
burden,  dnus,  oni^r-is,  n. 

Caesar,  Caesar,  Caesar-is,  m. 
Caius,  Cai-us,  -I,  m. 
call  (to),  vScd  {vocd-),  (1). 
captive,  captw-us,  -i,  m. 
carry  (to),  porta  (porta-),  (1). 
carry  on  (to),  g^r-o,  gess-i,  gest-um, 

(3). 
chariot,  curr-us,  -ds,  m. 
citizen,  civ-is,  -is,  m. 
city,  urbs,  urb-is,  f. 
conquer  (to),  vinc-o,  vic-i,  vlct-um,  (3). 
country,  patri-a,  -ae,  f. 

dance  (to),  salto  (saltd-),  (1). 

dart,  tel-um,  -l,  n. 

dear,  cdr-us,  -a,  -um. 

declare  (to),  nuntid  {nuntid-),  (1). 

deed, /acf -Mm,  -i,  n. 

deep,  alt-us,  -a  -um. 

Diana,  Didn-a,  -ae,  f. 

enemy,  host-is,  -is,  m. 

father,  pater,  patr-is,  m. 
fear  (to),  tlme-o,  (2). 


fight  {to),  pugno  {pugnd-),  (1). 
first,  prim-us,  -a,  -um. 
fly  (to),  vdlo  {void-),  (I), 
forest,  silv-n,  -ae,  f. 
fortify  (to),  muni-o,  (4). 
friend,  amic-us,  -i,  m. 
frighten  (to),  terre-o,  (2). 

gate,  port-a,  -ae,  f . 

Gaul  (a),  Gall-US,  -I,  m. 

general,  imperdtor,  imperdtdr-is,  m. 

gift,  don-um,  -i,  n. 

girl,  puell-a,  -ae,  f . 

great,  mdgn-us,  -a,  -um. 

guard,  custodi-o,  (4). 

hand,  man-us,  -us,  f. 
hard,  dur-us,  -a,-um. 
heavy,  grav-is  (like  tristis). 
high,  alt-US,  -a,  -um. 
hinder  (to),  impSdi-o,  (4). 
hold  (to),  /^/je-o,  (2). 
hour,  hdr-a,-ae,  f. 

idle,  igndu-us,  -a,  -um. 
instruct  (to),  erudi-o,  (4). 
Italy",  Ttdli-a,  -ae,  f. 

Julia,  luli-a,  -ae. 

kill  (to),  occid-o,  occid-l,  occis-um,  (3). 
king,  rear,  reg-is,  m. 

law,  /er,  /eig'-?**,  f. 

lead  (to),  duc-o,  dux-l,  duct-um,  (3). 

Lentulus,  Lentul-us,  -l,  m. 

letter,  ^pistdl-a,  -ae,  f. 

lion,  /fo,  leon-is,  m, 

little,  parv-us,  -a,  -um. 

long,  long-US,  -a,  -um. 

many,  mult-us,  -a,  -um. 

march  (to),  contend-o,  contend-i,  (3). 

messenger,  ndnti-us,  -i,  m. 

move  (to),  mOve-o,  mov-i,  mot-am,  (2). 

my,  mine,  me-us,  -a,  -um. 


106 


VOCABULARY  —  ENGLISH  -LATIN 


never,  nunquam  (also  numquam). 
next,  proxim-us,  -a,  -um, 

our,  noster,  nostra ^  nostrum. 

pleasant,  iucund-usy  -a,  -urn. 
praise  (to),  laudo  {landd-),  (1). 
punish  {to),  puni-o,  (4). 

queen,  regin-a,  -ae,  f. 

remain  (to),  m&ne-o,  nidns-i,mdns-um, 
Rhine,  Bhenus,  -i,  m.  [  (2). 

riyer,  Jiu7nen,Jiumin-is,  n. 
Rome,  Rom-a,  -ae,  f. 

sad,  tnstis. 
sea,  mar-By  -is,  n. 
second,  s^cund-us,  -a,  -um. 
see  (to),  vide-o,  vid-i,  vis-um,  (2). 
send  (to),  mitt-o,  mis-i,  ?niss-um,  (3). 
ship,  ndr-is,  -is,  f. 
short,  br^vis  (like  trlstis). 
show  (to),  monstro  {mdnstrd-)^  (1). 
shut  (to),  claud-o,  claus-l^  claus-um, 
.(3). 

sick,  aeger,  aegi'a,  aegrum. 
sing  (to),  canto  (cantd-),  (1). 
sister,  sdror,  sordr-is,'i. 
sit  (to),  s^de-o,  sed-i,  sess-um,  (2). 
slave,  serv-us,  -i,  m. 
slay    (to),   occid-o,  occid-i,  occis-um, 

(3). 
small,  parv-us,  -a,  -uw. 
soldier,  miles,  miltt-is,  m. 
son,Jlli-us,  1-,  m. 
song,  carmen,  carmin-is,  n. 


sorrowful,  tristis. 
spear,  hast-a,  -ae,  f. 
stone,  lapis,  lapid-is,  m. 
sweet,  dulc-is  (like  tristis). 
swift,  ve/ox,  veloc-is  {Vikejelix). 

table,  mens-a,  -ae,  f. 

teach  (to)  ddce-o,  ddcu-i,  ddct-um,  (2). 

temple,  templ-um,  -i,  n. 

tender,  tener,  -a,  -um. 

thy,  thine,  tu-us,  -a,  -um. 

timid,  tlinXd-us,  -a,  -um. 

tower,  turr-is,  -is,  i. 

town,  oppid-um,  -i,  n. 

useful,  ulll-is  (like  tristis), 

voice,  vox,  voc-is,  f. 

wall,  mur-us,  -i,  m. 
water,  dqu-a,  -ae,  f. 
yf2i\Q,Jiuct-us,  -us,  m. 
wheel,  rdt-a,  -ae,  f. 
wind,  vent-US,  -i,  m. 
wise,  sapiens,  sapient-is  (like  ingens). 
wood  (a),  silv-a,  -ae,  f. 
word,  verb-um,  -i,  n. 
work,  dpus,  opSr-is,  n. 
wound  (to),  vuhi^ro  {vulnerd-),   (1). 
wretched,  miser,  misera,  mtserum. 
write  (to),  scrib-o,  sciips-i,  sciipt-um, 
(3). 

year,  ann-us,  -t,  m. 

your,  tti-us,  -a,  -um  (speaking  to  one 
person)  ;  vester,  vestra,  vestrum 
(speaking  to  more  than  one). 


THIS  BOOK  IS  DUE  ON  THE  LAST  DATE 
STAMPED  BELOW 


AN  INITIAL  FINE  OF  25  CENTS 

WILL  BE  ASSESSED  FOR  FAILURE  TO  RETURN 
THIS  BOOK  ON  THE  DATE  DUE.  THE  PENALTY 
WILL  INCREASE  TO  SO  CENTS  ON  THE  FOURTH 
DAY  AND  TO  $1.00  ON  THE  SEVENTH  DAY 
OVERDUE. 


SEP  14  m^ 


fEB  27  J942 


1    1942 


tM^- 


OCT    3     I94g 


U- 


IWAH  311943 


APR  14  1943 


<f^W 


4^ 


--^« 


\JAN2  2  1955L(J 


LD  21-100w-8,'34 


ID    m I 70 


U.C.BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


co^s^la3^3 


